r^
^
l>b
Given By
^
" INVESTIGATION OF COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE
STATE OF MICHIGAN— Part 1
(DETROIT— Education)
HEARINGS
J /I BEFORE THE
' COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
HOUSE or REPRESENTATIVES
EIGHTY-THIED CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
APRIL 30, MAY 3, AND 4, 1954
Printed for the use of the Committee on Un-American Activities
INCLUDING INDEX
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
48861 VeASHINGTON : 1954
Ou^
s^j^ss
Boston Public Library-
Superintendent of Documents
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
United States House of Repkesentatives
HAROLD H. VELDE, Illinois, Chairman
;RNARD W. KEARNEY, New York FRANCIS E. WALTER, Pennsylvania
•NALD L. JACKSON, California MORGAN M. MOULDER, Missouri
T CLARDY, Michigan CLYDE DOYLE, California
iRDON H. SCHERER, Ohio JAMES B. FKAZIER, Ja., Tennessee
Robert L. Kunzig, Counsel
Frank S. Tavenner, Jr., Counsel
Thomas W. Beale^ Sr., Chief Clerk,
Raphael I. Nixon, Director of Research
Courtney E. Owens, Acting Chief Investigator
II
CONTENTS
April 30, 1954, testimony of— Page
Lawrence R. Klein 4991
Francis Martin Daly, Jr 5002
May 3, 1954, testimony of —
Gerald I. Harrison 5012
Irving Stein 5036
Sidney W. Graber 5049
Harold Rosen 5052
Tom Ellis Bryant 5057
George Miller 5063
Blanche Northwood 5070
May 4, 1954, Shirley Rapoport 6081
Index J
in
Public Law 601, 79th Congress
The legislation under which the House Committee on Un-American
Activities operates is Public Law 601, 79th Congress [1946], chapter
753, 2d session, which provides :
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, * * *
PART 2— RULES OF THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES
Rule X
STANDING COMMITTEES
*******
17. Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.
Rule XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
(q) (1) Committee on Un-American Activities.
(A) Un-American activities.
(2) Tlie Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommit-
tee, is autliorized to make from time to time investigations of (i) the extent,
character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in tlie United States,
(ii) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propo-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks
the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and
(iii) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any neces-
sary remedial legislation.
The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together, with such recommendations as it deems advisable.
For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such
times and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting,
has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such Chairman or member.
RULES ADOPTED BY THE 83D CONGRESS
House Resolution 5, January 3, 1953
*******
Rule X
STANDING COMMITTEES
1. There shall be elected by the House, at the commencement of each Congress,
the following standing committees :
*******
(q) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine members.
*******
Rule XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
*******
17. Committee on Un-American Activities.
(a) Un-American Activities.
(b) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,
is authorized to make from time to time, investigations of (1) the extent, char-
acter, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American prop-
aganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and
attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitu-
tion, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress
in any necessary remedial legislation.
The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.
For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times
and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, has
recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by such chairman, and may be served by any person desig-
nated by any such chairman or member.
VI
INVESTIGATION OF COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE
STATE OF MICHIGAN— PAET 1
(Detroit— Education)
FBIDAY, APRIL 30, 1954
United States House of Representatives,
Subcommittee or the Committee on
Un-American Activities,
Detroit, Michigan.
executive session 1
The subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities
met, pursuant to recess, at 10 : 05 in room 1786, Hotel Fort Shelby,
Hon. Kit Clardy (acting chairman) , presiding.
Committee member present : Representative Kit Clardy.
Staff members present: Frank S. Tavenner, Jr., counsel; Donald
T. Appell and W. Jackson Jones, investigators.
Mr. Clardy. The hearing will resume. Do you solemnly swear
that the testimony you are about to give will be the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Klein. I do.
Mr. Clardy. Be seated.
TESTIMONY OF LAWRENCE R. KLEIN
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name, please, sir ?
Mr. Klein. Lawrence R. Klein.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Klein, it is the practice of the committee to
advise every witness that they have the right to consult counsel during
the course of testimony if they so desire. I note that you do not have
counsel with you, so I assume you are willing to proceed without
counsel.
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. When and where were you born, Mr. Klein?
Mr. Klein. Omaha, Nebr., September 14, 1920.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your
formal educational training has been ?
Mr, Klein. I have high-school graduation, 2 years at Los Angeles
City College, 2 years at University of California, Berkeley, with a
batchelor of arts; and approximately 2 years at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, doctor of philosophy.
Mr. Tavenner. When did you receive your master's degree
Mr. Klein. No master's degree.
^ Released by the committee.
4991
4992 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Tavenner. Did you receive a master's degree in Los Angeles ?
Mr. Klein. I did not receive a master's degree anywhere. Los
Angeles was one of the California junior colleges and gave some
degree which is not well recognized. I forget the name of it.
Mr, Tavenner. When did you receive your bachelor of arts degree
from the University of California ?
Mr. Klein. In 1942, the spring of 1942.
Mr. Tavenner. When did you receive your doctor's degree from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology i
Mr. Klein. The fall of 1944.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the connnittee, please, the nature of
your employment since the fall of 1944 ?
Mr. Klein. I worked as a research assistant at the Cowles Com-
mission for Research and Economics at the University of Chicago
directly after I left Massachusetts Tech. Part of that time, one of
those years, I was a fellow- of the Social Science Research Council.
That must have been the academic year 1945-46. Then I left the
Cowles Commission in June 1947 and went as a consultant to the
Canadian Government for the summer months, and in the fall of
1947 I was a fellow of the Social Science Research Council again and
traveled for a year, and then in the fall of 1948 I was a research
associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, and I held
that for 2 years, but in the fall of 1949 I also was a research asso-
ciate of the survey research center of the University of Michigan.
Mr. Tavenner. What was your employment in the fall of 1949 ?
Mr. Klein. I had a joint appointment during that year. I was
partially emploj^ed by the National Bureau of Economic Research,
continuing from previously, and partially by the survey research cen-
ter of the University of Michigan.
Mr. Tavenner. How long did you remain so employed ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I have continued the University of Michigan
appointment which currently runs, and the national bureau appoint-
ment terminated a year later. That would be the fall of 1950, and
at the University of Michigan I took on added duties in lecturing on
economics, which I hold now.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you ever engage in the work of an instructor
at the Samuel Adams School ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. When was that?
Mr. Klein. It must have been the fall of 1944.
Mr. Tavenner. That was in Boston, was it not ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, the circum-
stances under which you became employed as an instructor at the
Samuel Adams School ?
Mr. Klein. I was first associated with a predecessor of the Samuel
Adams School called the Labor School of Boston or Greater Boston,
I am not sure of the exact title. I didn't teach there. I was the
chairman of a series of lectures, about 1 a month or 2 a month, which
ran in the spring of the year preceding the opening of the Samuel
Adams School. The Samuel Adams School opened in the fall, and
I think it w^as more or less a continuation of the other school, al-
though on a much larger scale, and I simply continued that associa-
tion and gave the course — I taught at the Samuel Adams wSchool.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 4993
Mr. Tavenner. Was the Samuel Adams School a reorganization of
the Labor School of Boston, continuing with the same organizational
setup ; that is, the same official directors and faculty ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I think the Samuel Adams School was much
larger, so it had many new persons associated with it, had different
quarters. I don't know very much about what went on at this Labor
School of Boston because I went there only for the sessions that I
chaired and never saw it, and I don't know what they did other nights
of the week if they did anything. I went only one certain night.
Now, at the Samuel Adams School it was on a much larger scale with
many courses and many faculty people. But I think it must have
had the same director because I was asked to teach at the Samuel
Adams School as a consequence of having been associated with the
Labor School in Boston.
Mr. Tavenner. What I am trying to ascertain is whether or not
the operation of the Samuel Adams School was virtually the operation
of the Labor School of Boston but under a different name ?
Mr. Klein. They taught much more.
Mr. Tavenner. And that the essential difference was the change
in name rather than a change in management and control 'i
Mr. Klein. Well, I don't think the management and control neces-
sarily changed, but the scope changed very much, and I am sure that
the Samuel Adams School being on a bigger scale required more people
to manage it, so it must have had new registrars and new secretarial
facilities; they had new offices. The Labor School of Boston was a
very informal affair.
Mr. Tavenner. What were the circumstances under which you were
employed originally at the Labor School of Boston ?
Mr. Klein. Well, as I recall, 1 day some men at MIT whom I
knew — and I think they were probably people whom I knew in the
teachers union at MIT — the teachers union at MIT was small, but
I remember Struik was the head of it.
Mr. Tavenner. Is that Prof. Dirk Struik ?
Mr. Klein. Yes. And Levinson was in it.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you recall his first name ?
Mr. Klein. Harold, Harold Freeman. They knew^ me from the
Teachers Union. There weren't people around MIT at the time except
military students were mainly in the military, and the faculty was
very much depleted. I think they Avanted somebody quickly to take
over the chairmanship of this course, and I was in the economics de-
partment. They knew me — and I don't know which one — I suspect
it was Struik, but I couldn't say for sure. Somebody asked me if I
would take over this chairmanship, and I think whoever asked me to
do that was somehow in contact with the Labor School.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Levinson ^ appeared as a witness before the
Committee on Un-American Activities and admitted his former Com-
munist Party membership. Were you aware when you were at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology that Mr. Levinson was a mem-
ber of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Klein. No. I knew that he was interested in economics be-
cause he was a mathematician. I took many courses in the depart-
ment of mathematics and had a lot of discussions with him, and he
1 Datp of Norinan Lovinson's tpstimony referred to was April 23, 1953. See Commu-
ni.st Methods of Infiltration, Education — Part 4, p. 1073.
4994 COMMUNIST ACTWITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
was interested in Marxist economics, and that is all I knew about him.
I had many discussions with him on the subject, but I don't laiow at
all about his affiliations.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you observe while at the Labor School of Bos-
ton or at the Samuel Adams School the exertion of any influence or
control by the Communist Party ?
Mr. KxEiN. No, not anything I could identify. The only indica-
tion would be they didn't like very well the course I was teaching, and
1 don't know, other than an inference, I guess, on my part, that it was
not traditional Marxist thinking, but I don't know of any official rela-
tionship with the Communist Party or any other organization. I
simply gave my course, saw my students. I would say that the people
in my class, as I recall, argued a lot, and some of them may have been
Marxists, some of them may have been Communists, I don't know, and
as far as the director of the school is concerned, I couldn't say.
Mr. Tavenner. You say the course was not well received by the
management of the school during the period you were teaching it.
Does that apply to both the Labor School of Boston and the Samuel
Adams School ?
Mr. Klein. Well, at the Labor School of Boston I didn't teach ; I
just was chairman, and I couldn't say.
Mr. Tavenner. From whom did the criticism of originate ?
Mr. Ejl,ein. Well, there was a woman, I don't know her name, who
was more or less the business manager. I think she was also the
same one who did the dirty work — by "dirty work" I mean all the
arranging and seating of schedules and classes and getting people
there and registering students. She came to one of my lectures one
night, sat in, and afterwards said something that I wasn't giving
material that was sufficiently basic, and I wasn't quite sure what she
meant except I was of the impression that she thought that I wasn't
teaching Marxist economics, but that is only an inference. She didn't
l?ke what I was teaching.
Mr. Tavenner. Can you give her title more definitely ?
Mr. Klein. Oh, I don't know what her title would be. If I would
describe it, I would say she was the business manager.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you affiliated in any manner with the Com-
munist Party at that time other than your teaching at this school?
Mr. Klein. I had no affiliation with the Communist Party.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you at a later date assume Avork in Chicago ?
Mr. Klein. Professional work ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes.
Mr. KJLEiN. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the nature of your professional work at
that time in Chicago ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I had the task of — which problem I am still work-
ing on — of building a mathematical model of the United States
economy and getting statistical estimates of this mathematical struc-
ture.
Mr. Tavenner. How long were you in Chicago engaged in that type
of work ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I left Massachusetts Tech during the fall of 1944,
went directly to Chicago and stayed there until June 1947.
Mr. Tavenner. During that period of time did you resume 8,ny of
your work in teaching ?
COJVIMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 4995
Mr. Klein. Are you referring to the teaching at the Samuel Adams
School?
Mr. Tavenner. I mean teaching in any school.
Mr. Klehst. Well, you see I taught courses to undergrnduates at
MIT also. I was a teaching fellow or the equivalent thereof, and I
didn't continue that at Chicago. I was purely engaged in research,
but I did continue in a sense the teaching at the Samuel Adams School
in that. I taught at the Abraham Lincoln School in Chicago.
Mr. Tavenner. Over what period of time did you teach in the
Abraham Lincoln School in Chicago?
Mr. Klein. Well, I suppose it began a few months after I arrived
in Chicago. That would probably be early 1945. I gave some courses — ■
I gave odd courses there, and I didn't have any regular schedule. I
suppose I gave some in 1946. Now I don't know if I gave any in 1947,
too, before I left Chicago. I think most of that must have been during
the years 1945 and 1946.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the nature of the courses that you con-
ducted in the Abraham Lincoln School?
Mr. Klein. Well, at the time I talked on the issues of the day,
courses on the issues of the day, which were price control, the mean-
ing of the Bretton Woods Agreement on International Trade, the full
employment bill as it was then discussed at the time for postwar eco-
nomic planning, and the Beveridge plan and the LTnited States coun-
terpart which would have been one of the social-security bills that was
being considered. Sometime I may have discussed also things like
Dumbarton Oaks or the San Francisco Conference, but they were
mainly on current issues of the day, and the course I gave in Boston
was similar to that, but I also gave some sort of analysis of the theory
underlying the economy which as economists we would call the
Keynesian theory of employment and gave some of the same material,
I am sure, at the Abraham Lincoln School. I also gave lectures, not
to a regular school, but I would get a call from the school that they had
something in the neighborhood somewhere in the Chicago area and
they lacked an instructor for that night, would I take it over. I
was free sometime I did.
Mr. Tavenner. What were the circumstances under which you took
part in the teaching of courses at the Abraham Lincoln School?
Mr. Klein. Well, I simply got a phone call one clay from a man
there. I think his name is Henry Noyes, and he laid out the course
or told me, "Would you teach such-and-such a think or what would
you suggest teaching," and he had a balance between economics and
politics and language and other courses and asked me what I would
contribute to this. I don't know how he called me, but I suspect it
was because I taught at the Samuel Adams School. He asked me to
teach, and I gave these courses.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you paid for the work?
Mr. Klein. No.
Mr. Tavenner. Did anything occur during the period of 3'our work
with the Abraham Lincoln School to indicate Communist influences
were being exerted there?
Mr. Klein. Well, one thing is evident — well, two things. One of
the directors or codirectors of the school was generally believed to be
a Communist, William Patterson. The other thing is that after 1946
or so the teaching changed because the Communist policy changed, and
4996 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
there was an emphasis at one time on thino:s like Dumbai-ton Oaks
and San Francisco — well, I am not sure of the exact date — tilings of
the natnre of Dumbarton Oaks and the San Francisco Conference, and
then this sort of thing was dropped at the school, but this is as much
as I know about the Communist influence.
Mr. Tavenner. Would you explain a little more delinitelj , please,
what you mean by the teaching changing. Do you mean that it
changed in accordance with the change in the Communist Party line
generally ?
Mr. Klein. Generally, yes. That is to say, when I first came there,
there was a great emphasis on teaching courses — as I recall, it was
just around the time of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, and there
were materials available, pamphlets and things which students took
up, and then courses like that were discontinued. I suppose that
could be obtained, inferred, by studying the catalog and looking at
courses offered.
Mr. Tavenner. You noticed, did you, a difference in approach by
the management of the school to current problems ?
Mr. Klein. Only in that respect.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you become a member of the Communist Party
during the period of your teaching at this school, the Abraham Lin-
coln School?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, the circum-
stances under which that occurred ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I am not sure whether the direct line is through
the Abraham Lincoln School or through the Jewish People's Frater-
nal Order, of which I was a member, but they both occurred at the
same time, and one night after a meeting, either I was the chairman
or the speaker, I don't know which, we were having coffee afterward.
I was approached and asked if I would give a course in the neighbor-
hood near where I lived in Chicago on Marxist economics which
I was
Mr. Tavenner. Is that one of the neighborhood groups tliat you
spoke about earlier in your testimony ?
Mr. Klein. No, no ; the neighborhood groups were classes, I think,
of the Abraham Lincoln School given at a different nddress, but this
neighborhood group later turned out to be the neighborhood club of
the Communist Party, but I didn't know it at the time. I was asked
if I woulld give a course in Marxist economics, and at the time I was
working on this general problem of, first, adult education, tliat you
could teach fairly complicated ideas to adults who weren't regular
students, who didn't have a lot of formal education, and I was work-
ing on the problem of the relationship between Marxist economics and
wliat we might call conventional economics and what also you might
call Keynesian economics, and I was interested in this challenge be-
cause I developed what I thought were some new ideas on this rela-
tionship, and I said I would try to teach this course in Marxist eco-
nomics. Then I was told 2 weeks later or sometime later, well, no, all
the people coming to this class are Communists, members of the Com-
munist Party, and it wouldn't be right for someone who is not a mem-
ber of the C'ommunist Party to teach Marxist economics to them. I
didn't comment, and then shortly after a bid came that if I would
join the Communist Party, 1 would teach this course, and then it
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 4997
would be all right. I did, and I never did teach the course after that.
Then they never got around to asking me to teach it, and there was
some teaching going on in the subject, and other people took it over,
and I don't think my ideas were appreciated on the subject, and so
I never taught the course. But I was a member.
Mr. Tavenner. But the argument was advanced that you would
have to become a member of the Communist Party in order to carry on
this work in which you were interested ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. In this local group of people ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Then I understand after you joined the Connnunist
Party you were not encouraged to conduct the course ?
Mr. Klein. Yes. I would say even more I was not allowed to,
because I think there was a course given to the best of my knowledge.
Mr. Tavenner. By whom was the course given ?
Mr. Klein. I don't know. I never attended, so I don't know, but
I would guess that practically every Communist club has some educa- .
tional program in which they teach basic Marxist economics, and that
went on, but I never gave the course, and that was afterward my pre-
sumption of what I was supposed to do, and I never did it.
Mr. Tavenner. Can you explain why things happened as they did
with you ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I think, looking in retrospect, that they wanted
me to join because they thought 1 would be useful, but they didn't
like my ideas about economic theory because they were not orthodox
Marxist ideas, and they wanted only orthodox Marxist ideas taught.
Mr. Tavenner. Was there any connection between this invitation
to you to join the party and conduct a course in the neighborhood
group and your work as an instructor or teacher in the Abraham
Lincoln School ?
Mr. Klein. Well, the only connection I can see is — whether it was
a student in the course — I said at the beginning I wasn't sure whether
it was somebody from the Abraham Lincoln School or somebody after
a meeting of the Jewish People's Fraternal Order who came to see
and asked me to teach it — it could have been one of the students at
the Abraham Lincoln meeting or somebody from the JPFO meeting,
but there was no official school tieup ; that "is, the officials of the school
never suggested this.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you recall the name of the person who made the
overtures to you ?
Mr. Klein. Well, as I recall now, there were two persons involved.
I wasn't sure previously whether it was one or the other, and now I
believe that two persons originally made the suggestion, both of them
women, one named Shirley Stern; the other one, I think, dropped out
after the original approach, and I don't think she carried on this dis-
cussion. As I recall, I did all my dealings with Shirley Stern. The
other one's name I don't know her last name, but I think her first name
was Ann.
Mr. Tavenner. Was the person mentioned by you a member of
your class and also a member of the Jewish People's Fraternal Order «
Mr. Klein. Well, Shirley Stern, I think, was a member of the
Jewish People's Fraternal Order. I can't be sure of that, but at
least she used to come to their meetings, and she was not a formal
4998 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
member of the class at the Abraham Lincohi School, but she may have
attended some of the meetings there.
Mr. TA^^:NNER. The Jewish People's Fraternal Order was a branch
of the IWO,Mvas it not ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. How long were you a member of that organization,
if you were a member ?
Mr. Kleix. I was. I think I joined in 1945, and I think I stayed
in until about midyear, late spring or midyear, of 1947 when I left
Chicago.
Mr. Taatenner. Why did you get out of it ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I left Chicago, and I left all past associations.
I quit all organizations I belonged to.
Mr. Tavenner. '\Vliat do you mean to infer from that, if anything,
the fact that you left all past organizational affiliations ?
Mr. Klein. I stopped being a Communist.
Mr. Tavenner. Was this group of the Communist Party to which
you were assigned known by name ?
Mr. Klein. It was known by name, but I am not positive of the
name. The best I could identify it would be South Shore Club or
South Side Club. I know it was somehow associated with the neigh-
borhood.
Mr. Tavenner. How many members did it have ?
Mr. Klein. Well, it is practically impossible for me to say because
the only way I would judge would be by who came to meetings. I
went to a few meetings ; I went irregularly, and I don't think the same
people came every time, and I don't think they had a very large turn-
out. It was not a hard-working, enthusiastic group.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you recall who the leaders of that group were?
Mr. Klein. Well, at these meetings they went to — that would be my
only knowledge of them — at these meetings nobody ever used anything
but first name. Some peope I did know their names. I haven't seen
them for 7 years. I don't know what they are now, and I think the
man who used to be chairman of the meetings was chairman at the
time, was named Tony, but I am not sure.
Mr. Tavenner. Just a moment. Are you uncertain as to whether
that person was chairman or are you uncertain as to whether that
person was a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Klein. I am uncertain about his name. There was a man who
strikes me as having had the name Tony who chaired all the meetings.
He was the chairman at these meetings. I am thinking of a man — I
sat in the audience, and I saw him as chairman. I recall his name to
have been Tony. I never knew his last name, and there was such a
man who always, at the time I was there, was chairman.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you pay dues ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Over how long a period of time did you pay dues?
Mr. Klein. I paid dues once when I joined, and I made, I think,
one renewal.
Mr. Tavenner. How long did you remain a member of this group of
the Communist Party ?
* International Workers' Order.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 4999
Mr, Klein. Well, it depends on how one defines membership. If
you define membership as attending meetings and taking part in their
program, I would say that I didn't do anything after the spring of
1947.
Mr. Tavenner. How many meetings did you attend during that
period of time, according to your best recollection ?
Mr. Klein. I would guess about 6.
Mr. Tavenner. I believe you left Chicago in 1947, did you not ?
Mr. Klein. In June.
Mr. Tavenner. Then you continued to take part in the activities of
the organization up until practically the time you left Chicago ?
Mr. Klein. About April or May, sometime like that.
Mr. Tavenner. What was your reason for leaving Chicago ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I finished a leg of the work I was doing, and a
very attractive offer of a challenging job in the summer for the
Canadian Government, which I wanted very much to undertake, and I
had a very attractive fellowship for travel the next year which I
wanted to take.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, the nature of
the activities of the group of the Communist Party that you became
a member of ?
Mr. Klein. Well, at the time I was a member there were large
strikes. I think there was a big steel strike, packinghouse strike, in
Chicago. This was shortly after the war, and they served coffee and
doughnuts to the strikers, solicited funds for strike benefits, sold copies
of the Daily Worker to strikers, became interested in neighborhood
problems ; if there would be something that smelled of anti-Semitism
in the neighborhood, they would take up the argument. This is about
all I ever saw going on.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you take part in those various activities?
Mr. Klein. Well, I probably contributed some funds for strikers. I
didn't ever sell copies of the Daily Worker, and I didn't ever serve
coffee and doughnuts to strikers. About all I ever did was to go to
some meetings and sit in on them. Oh, there was one more thing:
there were congressional elections in the fall of 1946, and I think the
Communist Party supported in our district the Democratic Party
candidates and worked on the elections, solicited, rang doorbells.
Mr. Tavenner. Did they do that in a way to openly disclose Com-
munist Party membership or the fact that it was the Communist Party
that was taking this action ?
Mr. Klein. No, no; I think they probably worked through local
organizations. All the Communist Party members were probably — a
lot of them were — members of other organizations, and they simply
worked hard in these other organizations for the congressional
candidates.
Mr. Tavenner. The committee has heard evidence from time to
time that the Communist Party insisted that its members become ac-
tively interested in and to join various mass organizations. Will you
tell the committee whether you observed that attitude on the part of
the Communist Party at the time you were a member of this group ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I was a member of a lot of organizations before
I came into the Communist Party, so my own personal experience was
not a pressure for me to join organizations, but my own observations
would be that members of the Communist Party were active in organ-
5000 COAIMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
izations, and they would be active in, I guess at the time it was the
American Youth for Democracy, or the local voting group in Illinois,
or the CIO-PAC activities or in the JPFO or whatever local organiza-
tions they could get into.
Mr. Tavtcnner. Do you know whether this activity on the part of
the Communist Party was designed to impart the Communist Party
line or principles to the groups in which the individuals were working,
including
Mr. Klein. Not the basic principles.
Mr. Tavenner. Including the foreign and international aims of the
party ?
Mr. Klein. Well, I don't know if I could say specifically. They
did not teach Marxist theory in these groups. This would be a basic
principle of the Communist Party. Whether affairs of the moment
were stressed or not, I would guess yes, that certainly any Communist
being a member of another organization would follow the Conniiuiiist
Party policy on any issue and try to advocate it in that organization,
or on a candidate. I know of no official pressures.
Mr. Tavenner. Could you state also whether you observed that the
work being done by Communist Party members in mass organizations
was being done also for the purpose of recruiting new members to the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Klein. I "think all of their activities were toward building up
at the time and always guided toward recruitment. I think they
probably looked over a person and decided whether they wanted to
recruit him or not, but I suppose that they ahvays were trying to get
members. This was my own experience. I was a member of another
organization, other organizations, and I was approached by the Com-
munist Party through them.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Klein. No.
Mr. Tavenner. When did you withdraw from the Communist
Party?
Mr. Klein. I ceased all association with the Communist Party
after — well, at the latest, after I left Chicago, and at the earliest some
weeks or a month before.
Mr. Tavenner. What was your reason for leaving the Communist
Party?
Mr. Klein. Well, at the time I found meetings thoroughly un-
interesting and dull ; it was a waste of time ; they did nothing. 1 was
interested in socialism, and I thought the Communist Party was a
vehicle towards socialism and decided that it really wasn't. I decided
that they didn't deal honestly and fairly with me, and I didn't like
them. I decided that the Communist Party of the United States w^as
made up of very mediocre people, and I didn't particularly want to
associate with them. As the year grew on, after I left, I was very
much disturbed by what happened in Czechoslovakia because most
academic people in this country are very much attached to Benes and
Masaryk and didn't like to see this thing happen to them. I wrote
a book, which I was writing at the time, and which was severely at-
tacked by the Communist Party in one of their theoretical journals,
and I decided that even though socialism was a desirable goal, there
are other goals in life, and it wasn't worthwhile to j)ay the higii price
of having bloodshed and violence.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5001
Mr. Tavenner. By that do you mean that you arrived at the poinf
where you differed on ideological grounds with the concept of the
Communist Party i
Mr. Klein. Yes, and humanistic grounds.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you as of now convinced that the objectives that
the Communist Party is aiming toward are wrong in principle, in
theory, and in practice ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Clardy. We have had a great deal of testimony from many
witnesses to the general effect that the Communists have used every
group and every person they could possibly reach for no purpose other
than to further their own ends and that they had no genuine concern
for the workingman Avhen they go into Labor unions; they have no
concern for the ministry when they seek to infiltrate there; for the
teaching profession when they seek to infiltrate there; that actually
their only aim and objective is to use those gi'oups ancl the people in
it to further the cause of open revolution and the overthrow of the
Government by force and violence in due time. Does that pretty
well coincide with the conclusions that you reached ?
Mr. Klein. I was used by the Communist Party.
Mr. Clardy. Do you agree that that is the objective and that is the
plan and that is the method of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Klein. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Can you give the committee any additional infor-
mation regarding the activities of the Communist Party in Chicago
in which the committee would be interested?
Mr. Klein. I saw very little of it, and my contact with it was with
-this neighborhood group. The neighborhood group did nothing of
interest, didn't accomplish anything. I don't know what the central
oJfRce was doing, and I can't think of anything offhand that I know
about the workings of the Communist Party other than what I read
in the daily press and journals. As a matter of fact, my own con-
clusion is that nuich more was going on in the Communist Party
than I realized at the time, and I learned much more about it after
I was out of it than while I was in it.
Mr. Clardy. You are beginning to sound like one of those several
witnesses — very learned gentlemen, by the way, I have in mind a
few of the Ph. D.'s and others who appeared in Washington who have
said they felt rather silly after they got out to think that they had been
more or less duped and that their intellectual curiosity hadn't been
enough early enough to expose what they later discovered; in other
words, they had just been made fools of. That sounds about like your
own case, am I right ?
Mr. Klein. Yes. Well, you see, many people at an earlier stage
in life, say 5 or 10 years ago, had the same ideas that I had, but in my
own case I worked very hard when I went to school as an under-
graduate and had no time for campus political activities, and it was
only after I completed my studies — I was somewhat older than most
people, still in my twenties — that I took up the ideas then that a
lot of people did much earlier.
Mr. Tavenner. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. I have none either.
I will recess the hearing for 5 minutes.
And you are excused, sir.
48861— 54— pt. 1 -2
5002 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
(Whereupon, at 11 a. m., the hearing was recessed to reconvene at
11 : 05 a. m.)
(Whereupon, at 11 : 10 a. m., the hearing reconvened. Representa-
tive Kit Chirdy (acting chairman) being present.)
Mr. Clardy. The hearing will be resumed.
Counsel, will you call the next witness ?
Mr. Tavenner. Francis Martin Dalj^^, Jr.
Mr. Clardy. If you will stand. Will you raise your right hand ?
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give will
be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you
God?
Mr. Daly. I do.
Mr. Clardy. Be seated. Proceed.
TESTIMONY OF FRANCIS MARTIN DALY, JR.
Mr. Tavenner. "VVliat is your name, please, sir ?
Mr. Daly. Francis Martin Daly, Jr.
Mr. Taa^nner. Mr. Daly, it is the practice of the committee to ad-
vise all witnesses that they have the right to confer with counsel at any
time during the period of their examination if they so desire. It is
noted that you do not have counsel with you, so I assume that you
are willing to proceed without counsel?
Mr. Daly. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Is that correct?
Mr. Daly. Yes.
Mr. Clardy. May I interject here? I have a considerable knowl-
edge, of course, of what the investigation has developed, and I want
to put him further at ease to tell him that based on what I have, I feel
quite kindly toward you, sir, and I don't want you to feel that there is
going to be anything here except an effort on our part to be helpful,
and you have no cause to be alarmed or have any fears about what
we will do. Go ahead.
Mr. Tavenner. Wlien and where were you born, Mr. Daly ?
Mr. Daly. In Detroit on February 23, 1924.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you lived in Detroit all your life with the
exception of the period of time you were in the Armed Forces ?
Mr. Daly. Yes, sir, all my life.
Mr. TA^^NNER. Will you tell the committee first, please, what
your educational training has been?
Mr. Daly. I went to Detroit schools, elementary, secondary and
Wayne University, a bachelor's, and received a master's there also.
Mr. Tavenner. When did you receive your master's degree at
Wayne University?
Mr. Daly. I think it was in February 1951. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the period of time that you served in the
Armed Forces?
Mr. Daly. The dates?
Mr. Tavenner. The approximate dates.
Mr. Daly. July 1942 until June 1946.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you serve overseas?
Mr. Daly. Yesj
Mr. Tavenner. I understand that you served in China during the
period of the war?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5003
Mr. Daly. In India.
Mr. TA^^EN]s^ER. India?
Mr. Daly. Yes.
Mr. Taat:xner. 'What was your organization ?
Mr. Daly. The 10th Air Force, operated into Burma out of India.
Mr. TA"\T:]srNER. Were you wounded in the course of your service?
Mr. Daly. I was.
Mr, TA'ST:x]srER. I understand also that you were a prisoner of war
and were held by the Japanese in a prison camp; is that true?
Mr. Daly. That is right.
Mr. Tavenner. How long were you a prisoner of war and where
were you held as a prisoner ?
Mr. Daly. For approximately 18 months I was held in Rangoon,
Rangoon central jail, I believe it was called, right in the city of
Rangoon, Burma.
Mr. Tavenner. How soon after your release as a prisoner of war
did you return to the United States ?
Mr. Daly, I was released on May 3, 1945, and I returned in July,
June, or July, the end of June, July, of that same year.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you resume your educational training at once
on your return?
Mr. Daly. No, I was still in the service until the following year,
1946. I was in the General Hospital for awhile. /
Mr. Tavenner. When did you receive your honorable discharge ?
Mr. Daly. The date is June 24, 1 believe, 1946.
Mr. Tavenner. How soon after that did you resume your educa-
tional training, if you did ?
Mr. Daly. The following September.
Mr. Tavenner, You remained in school then from the fall of 1946
until February 1951 ?
Mr. Daly, That is correct, yes,
Mr. Tavenner. Wliat has been the nature of your profession, occu-
pation, or trade since 1951?
Mr. Daly. I have been a schoolteacher at the River Rouge — I have
taught one semester in Detroit, in Detroit elementary until June 1951,
and then I went to River Rouge High School in September of 1951.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you remained in that employment since that
time ?
Mr. Daly. I have.
Mr. Ta"\tenner, In the course of the investigation conducted by the
committee staff it has been ascertained that you became a member of
the Communist Party during the period of time that you were a
student at Wayne University ; is that correct ?
Mr. Daly. It is.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Daly. No, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. How long did you remain a member ?
Mr. Daly. Until — well, from December, sometime in December 1947,
imtil sometime in June of 1948.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, the circum-
stances under which you became a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Daly. You mean the mechanics of how I got in ?
5004 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Tavenneu. Well, I not only mean the mechanics, although I
didn't state so, but I also mean to include the reasons for your
becoming a member.
Mr. Daly. Well, I joined a campus organization or an organization
that had been barred from the campus, the AYD
Mr. Tavenner. Let us spell that out instead of using the initials,
American Youth for Democracy.
Mr, Daly. Yes. The meetings were about modern day problems,
that is, the AYD meetings, and at this period I was fairly disgusted
with war and thought — still do, as a matter of fact — that it is not the
best policy that countries can follow, and John Cherveny, who was,
I understood, the chairman of this AYD, discussed war and the need
for peace and to build a new world and so forth, and this seemed very
logical to me, that the need for this was necessary. I think I must
have expressed to the chairman that I was in accord with that thinking,
and it tui-ned out that he lived in the student center, and later he
sent me a letter, as I recall, saying that we had something in common,
search for peace, and maybe we should get together and talk things
over, and we did on several occasions, we would have coffee after
classes. He eventually, of course, broached the subject of my joining
the Connnunist Party. He said that the aims of the party were peace-
ful aims. He asked me would I consider joining, and my first reaction
was no. Later on I began to think about it and — I guess partly curios-
ity— and eventually I said yes; he continued to ask me to join.
Mr. x\ppELL. During your conversations with John Cherveny did
he go to the other programs of the Communist Party, or was his
emphasis always the antiwar program?
Mr. Daly. No, he went into other programs.
Mr. Appell. But during all the conversations he always pointed
home that which impressed you most, the antiwar program of the
party ?
Mr. Daly. Well, that is the feeling that I got; also antidiscrimina-
tion which I felt was a necessary thing, too; he laid quite a good
deal of stress on that.
I remember saying when he asked me one of the times — I didn't
know anything about his organization, and he said that "We would
teach you ; we would teach you all about it," and so forth.
Mr.' Tavenner. In other words, you did not become a member of
the Communist Party as a result of any training or conviction that you
had before you actually joined?
Mr. Daly. No, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. You were induced to join and to make a study of
the Communist Party after becoming a member?
Mr. Daly. That is right.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you have any connection with the Communist
Party prior to his couA'ersation with you?
Afr. Daly. Well, this is just hearsay, I might add; I don't know
for sure. But while I was in the Army, in the general hospital, I
met a soldier there who — there was a group of us who palled around,
but one of them was, I think, sympathetic. Whether he was a mem-
ber, T don't know. In 1952 wlien the FBI talked to me, they asked me
alxiut liiiu. Mild I rememl)ered liim. He was a GI ; and so he told me a
little bit. He never said he was, but when I met Cherveny later, now
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5005
I look back on it, I realize that they seemed to speak the same
language.
Mr. Tavenner. You have been, I understand, to the Federal Bureau
of Investigation ?
Mr. Daly. They came to me in the summer, I think, of 1952.
Mr. Appell. You always cooperated fully to the best of your
knowledge Avith the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
Mr. Daly. Yes, sir. I mention this fellow in the Army because —
you say if I ever had contact, and that is the only one I know of.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you assigned to a group of the Communist
Party after becoming a member?
Mr. Daly. Yes.
Mr. Taat5nner. What was the name of that group ?
Mr. Daly. I am not too sure, but I think it was the Wayne Club.
Mr. Tavenner. Was that a campus club of the Communist Party?
Mr. Daly. More or less, yes. All the members were students as
far as I recall.
Mr. Tavenner. Were there any members of the faculty who were
members of this group ?
Mr. Daly. None, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Where dicl the club meet ?
Mr. Daly. Well, we met in homes or in the student center. I can
remember a lot of sort of spontaneous meetings at Webster Hall ; that
is the student center.
Mr. Tavenner. Approximately how many of the student body be-
longed to this group of the Communist Party?
Mr. Daly. Well, I would say around 8, although I am not sure
because there seemed to be a lot of people who would attend a meet-
ing once and not again. I would say about 8, although I really don't
know for sure.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you learn whether there was any other group
or unit of the Communist Party on the campus besides the one that
vou were a member of ^
Mr. Daly. I didn't.
Mr. Appell. Mr. Daly, wdien you say 8, are you considering those
that attended once and maybe not again, or are you considering the
identity or your recollection of the people who were there at most
all of the meetings?
Mr. Daly. Probably most all of the meetings. That stays in my
mind.
Mr. Appell. The records of the committee indicate that as far as
a paper membership is concerned, that that club had registered over
40 students as belonging to it, and that is why I asked that question.
Mr. Daly. It could have. The meetings were rather small,
Mr. Tavenner. Were your meetings addressed from time to time
by functionaries of the Communist Party?
Mr. Daly. By functionaries you mean higher ups ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes.
Mr. Daly. Only one; that is one higher up that I ever saw, and
I took him to be what would you call it, coordinator of student affairs
or something. I can't remember his name — it was Jack Gore. He
would drop in. He is the only functionary that I would know of.
Mr. Tavenner. Did he appear frequently before your group or
infrequentl}'?
5006 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Daly. I would say infrequently.
Mr. Tavenner. Wliat was the purpose of his appearance in your
meetings ?
Mr. Daly. I don't know exactly — to see how things were going,.
I guess. It seems to me that lie would say a few things and
make a point of something. I don't remember him ever giving
a speech.
Mr. Tavenner. Who was the leader or chairman of this group?
Mr. Daly. As far as I know, the chairman was a Russell Kitto,
I would say.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you pay dues ?
Mr. Daly. As I recall it, we did. It was certainly very small.
Mr. Tavenner. To whom did you pay the dues?
Mr. Daly. I just don't recall.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you hold a position of any character in this
group ?
Mr. Daly. No.
Mr. Tavenner. How many meetings do you think you attended ?
Mr. Daly. That would be difficult to say. I tried to think just the
other day, go over in my mind, and anticipate some of the questions
you might ask so I could prethink some of these things out, and I
couldn't even remember whether the meetings were every week or
every 2 weeks. I just couldn't say how many I did go to.
Mr. TA^•ENNER. Did the work of this gi'oup continue during the sum-
mer recess ?
Mr. Daly. Well, I don't know. I wasn't involved with it during
the summer.
Mr. Tavenner. Were Marxist studies engaged in by this group ?
Mr. Daly. Oh, yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee about that?
Mr. Daly. The activities of this group, as far as I can recall, were
mostly a study group. We studied current events and their relation-
ship to Marxian philosophy. We studied various aspects of the
Marxist philosophy and applied them to world events. We didn't
have any of them in writing or anything like that, just discussions.
Mr. Appell. Did you discuss the text which was known as the
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ?
Mr. Daly. Well, we might have. I don't recall that particular one.
Mr. Appell. You probably remember the book, at least one section,
that stands out in the light of today's history, and that deals with
just and unjust wars, imperalist wars, the role of the worker in the
struggles.
Mr. Daly. You are asking that I remember that part?
Mr. Appell. Yes.
Mr. Daly. I just don't.
Mr. Appell. Did anything happen after you joined the Communist
Party which placed doubt in your mind as to what the Communist
Party was really active in or interested in?
Mr. Daly. Yes, that arrest did ; that is, that raid. I began to realize
after that — I began to raise some questions in my mind exactly what
was going on and what was happening, and I certainly didn't want to
jeopardize my whole career over something that I didn't even believe-
in. I didn't know what was happening.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5007
Mr. Tavenner. Tell the committee what you refer to by a raid hav-
ing been made.
Mr. Daly. As I recall, we were — this John Cherveny invited myself
and my stepbrother to a party. What this party was about, it was just
a group of people drinking, and I figured it was a celebration of some
kind, although I didn't know exactly what was celebrated, but there
was a party, and somebody was selling liquor, it turned out later. I
didn't know that at the time, but somebody was. The police raided it
because of that reason, and we were all taken to the police station,
headquarters, and booked. We were found guilty, sentenced and sen-
tence suspended.
Mr. Tavenner. What effect did this occurrence have upon your
attitude toward yoiu- Communist Party membership ?
Mr. Daey. Well, I must admit that before that I was beginning
to feel a little bit of discouragement — well, to put it frankly, I just
wasn't wading through all this philosophy, although I had read a
lot of books on philosophy, and I like it, but I just didn't seem to be
dramatic enough or something, but I was slowly becoming dis-
couraged, and this raid on this party was another thing that sort of
shocked me.
Mr. Tavenner. By stating that you were getting discouraged, do
you mean to indicate you were unable to agree with the Communist
doctrine as advocated by the Communist Party ?
Mr. Daly. Well, when I first went in, I thought it might have
something, something for me. It is difficult to explain this, but
sort of a personal philosophy which I could live by, something that
I could believe in. As I recall, in the prison camp a lot of men
died, and of those who died and those who lived, it seemed to be a
mental condition. Many men died because they just seemed to give
up. They didn't have any — I don't know how to explain it any bet-
ter than this, but they just didn't have anything to live for, it seemed,
no personal philosophy, nothing that they could let be the guide
of their life, some principles to live by, and I was hoping prob-
ably I could find those in the party. But I, as I say, I was becoming
discouraged because I couldn't.
Mr, Tavenner. You didn't find those things which you hoped to
find when you joined the Communist Party?
Mr. Daly. That is right. My discouragement later turned into
disinterest.
Mr. Tavenner. Your quest for the principles that you desired ta
live by which took you into the party also took you out of the
party ?
Mr. Daly. That is right. I remember a concern of mine at the
time was about democracy and Christian principles — and I am speak-
ing of western civilization now, I mean Europe and America — we have
these as our principles, I thought, or it seemed that way, and yet
there were some people who didn't seem to be living by those princi-
ples; the Germans, for instance. They were Christians, and I be-
gan to raise doubts in my mind as to whether maybe I needed some
other principles or something. These things don't seem to be strong
enough to capture people's imagination and to guide their lives.
Of course the Communists have good answers for all these things.
They said that people couldn't live by any values that superseded
the values of money in a capitalist society. That was what they
5008 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
said. It sounds logical, but when you think about it, the concept
of King Midas, for instance, goes away back in history — that there
are some people who value money more than anything I don't doubt,
but 1 don't think you could say it is inherent in this particular
system.
Subsequently, mostly after I left, I discovered that there are peo-
ple who believe in democracy, practice it; there are people who are
Christians, and they practice their Christian principles. One of
these persons was a minister at Wayne University at the time when
I was arrested at this party. He was head of the Wesleyan Society.
He dropped me a note. I had a class with him; he taught a speech
class, and of course the school paper was all full of this raid, and I
was extremely embarrassed by the whole thing and quite miserable
at the time; so was my stepbrother who subsequently quit school
shortly after. It was embarrassing to our families and everything,
and we were put on probation by the school, but this minister, I re-
member, saw me, and he didn't ask me why did I do it or what was
going on or anj^thing like that. He had a wonderful attitude. I
just can't descrii3e it, but he just accepted me and said, "Is there any-
thing I can do to help?" that attitude. That and other ppo])le whom
I have met made me realize that tlie world isn't so bad after iill.
I believe now, and I have believed for some time, that w^hile the
Communists have principles and they live by their principles, I
think — that was probabl}^ one of the things that also got me, the fact
that they said something and then acted upon what they said, which
enhanced my curiosity as to what was going on with them, but I have
subsequently believed that people Avant to live the good life, as some
educators and philosophers have said; they want to live a good life,
but it is a case of learning how, we Avant to learn how, and how you
learn how — that is the $64 question; that is part of the big picture
in education today, what are the methods that they can use to teach
people to develop principles and live by them.
Mr. Tavenner. It seems to me from what you have said that you
concluded that you could not reach those high ideals which you had
through the Communist Party ?
Mr. Daly. That is right.
Mr. Tavenner. But that you find you can work for tliem and reach
them througli normal means under our own system of Government
and our own way of life?
Mr. Daly. That is right. You work for it by doing things yourself,
by thinking things out yourself, not by being told, especially the regi-
mented situation of the Communists. You don't accept other people's
philosophies just pointblank.
Mr. Tavenner. Can you recall the names of any of the other leaders
in the group of the Communist Party of which you were a member?
Mr. Daly. The only person whom I recall as leaders were this
Russell Kitto and this Jack Gore.
Mr. Tavenner. Was John Cherveny a member of this group?
Mr. Daly. Yes, as far as I know. Now, whether he had a — let's see.
T don't know whether he was a leader in the terms of being chairman
or something, but he did seem to be a sparkplug, I say that, that is,
a short of ex officio leader, if there is such a thing.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you acquainted with a person by the name
of George Shenkar?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5009
Mr. Dalt. No, sir; I don't recall that name.
Mr. Tavenner. Sidney Graber?
Mr. Daly. That is the fellow whose picture was in the paper last
night? Yes, I recognize the picture. I recognize him as one of the
members.
Mr. Tavenner. Can you recall anything about his activity in this
group ?
Mr. Daly. I don't.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you recall whether or not you paid dues to him
at any time ?
Mr. Daly. That I don't remember.
Mr. Ta\^nner. Do you know where he lived ?
Mr. Daly. No, I don't.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Daly, I hand you a list of names prepared by
the staff based upon its investigation. I would like you to examine
this list and advise the committee as to whether or not there appear
on it the names of any persons whom you can identify from your own
personal knowledge as having been members of the Communist Party.
I do not want you to read into the record the name of any person that
you cannot identify; only mention the names of those that you can
identify.
Mr. Daly. John Cherveny.
Mr. Tavenner. You have identified a person by the name of Jack
Gore as a member of this group.
Mr. Daly. Yes .
Mr. Tavenner. Do you recall his wife's name?
Mr. Daly. I don't.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you know whether his wife was also a member
of this group ?
Mr. Daly. I do not.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you know w^hether his wife was a member of
the Communist Party ?
Mr. Daly. I do not.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you acquainted with a person by the name of
Leonard Cohen ?
Mr. Daly. Yes.
Mr. Appell. He was known on the campus by the nickname of
Lennie. *
Mr. Daly. Yes, I recall him.
Mr. Appell. Was he a member of the Communist Party, to your
knowledge ?
Mr. Daly. I think so. As I recall — yes, he w^rote articles for the
Communist publication.
Mr. Appell. By the Communist publication you are referring to
the Michigan Worker ?
Mr. Daly. Yes. I forgot about him. Wlien you said those in
leadership position — whether he was a leader or not, I don't know,
but he was like John Cherveny, who seemed to be, what would you
call it, the inner group or something. I couldn't identify him and
say he was the leader of us.
Mr. Tavenner. Can you recall the name of any other person who
was a member of your group of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Appell. I can't recall any names now. I just don't recall any
others by name.
5010 COMIVIUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. TA^'EXNER. You spoke of the Communist Party publication
on the campus. "What was the name of that paper?
Mr. Appell. It wasn't a publication on the campus. It was the
Michigan extension of the Daily Worker, I think.
Mr. Ta\^nner. Was it circulated by members of your group of the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Daly. Yes. I subscribed to it, I remember.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, anything else
jou desire to state regarding the circumstances under which you left
the Commujiist Party ?
Mr. Daly. Well, as I said before, I became, as I recall, discouraged
and disinterested, and the philosophy of the Communist Party didn't
present any i:)hilosophy that I could believe in. They seemed to insist,
as I recall, that dictatorship was necessary, and I don't think — it
has never been demonstrated to me that any dictatorship has been
other than complete totalitarianism. Let me search my mind. This
arrest, of course, had something to do with it. In fact, I was placed
on probation. I was just beginning to see my way out of these prob-
lems I was having at the time in relationship to this business of hav-
ing a personal philosophy. I couldn't accept their philosophy. It
seemed to be a negative philosoj^hy.
Mr. Ta\t,nner. Have you had any association or affiliation with
the Communist Party since you withdrew in 1948?
Mr. Daly. None.
Mr. Tavenner. Your break with the Communist Party has been final
and complete ?
]\Ir. Daly. That is right. I do recall that I did see John Cherveny
once or twice after that.
Mr. Tavenner. Was that in connection with Communist Party
matters?
Mr. Daly. No, no.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Chairman. I have no further questions.
Mr. Clardy. Well, I have none, either. As I told you at the outset,
we appreciate very much your cooperation with tlie committee. I
don't think you will ever have any cause whatever to regret that co-
operation because we certainly shall do nothing that will in any way
reflect upon you.
Mr. Daly. May I ask a question?
Mr. Clardy. You may.
Mr. Daly. The board of education, and superintendent of my
school system, while they don't say so, I think they are kind of con-
cerned. Will they be able to rest at ease, or
ISIr. Clardy. I will, of course, have to discuss that with the other
members of the committee, but if my recommendation is adopted, I
think that neither they nor you will have any cause to be alarmed, sir.
Mr. Daly. I am not sure — I mean whether they will believe me or
not.
Mr. Ci-ARDY. Off the record.
(Discussion off the record.)
Mr. Clardy. The hearing is adjourned until 1 : 30.
(Thereupon, at 12 : 10 p. m., the hearing was recessed, to reconvene
upon the call of the Chair.)
INVESTmATION OF COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE
STATE OF MICHIGAN— PAKT 1
(Detroit— Education)
MONDAY, MAY 3, 1954
United States House of Representatives, Sub-
committee OF the Committee on Un-American Activities,
Detroit, Mich.
public hearing
The subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities
met, pursuant to notice, at 9 : 35 a. m., in room 859 of the Federal
Building, Hon. Kit Clardy, presiding.
Committee members present: Representatives Kit Clardy (acting
■chairman), Gordon H. Scherer, and Morgan M. Moulder.
Staff members present: Frank S. Tavenner, Jr., counsel; Donald T.
Appell and W. Jackson Jones, investigators; and Mrs. Juliette P.
Joray, acting clerk.
Mr. CiiARDT. The committee will be in order. Are you ready to
proceed, Mr. Counsel ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Before we call the first witness, the committee has a
brief announcement or two to make. First I want to record for the
record the fact that the Honorable Harold H. Velde, chairman of
the full coimnittee, has appointed a subcommittee consisting of Con-
gressman Scherer, of Ohio ; and Congressman Moulder, of Missouri ;
and myself to conduct the hearings in Michigan.
Due to the fact that we are in a Federal courtroom and, further, due
to the fact that this is a committee of Congress, the no-smoking rule
will be enforced throughout the proceeding in the hearing room it-
self as distinguished from the corridor outside.
During the progress of the hearings the committee wants to em-
phasize the fact that there must be no demonstrations of any kind
whatsoever, either of approval or disapproval. This is a committee
of Congress, and we must have the decorum that must be observed
at any time before such committees or in a courtroom.
The committee has caused subpenas to be issued for a number of
people, but it has not, up until a witness is called to the stand, an-
nounced the names of those who have been subpenaed, and it will ad-
here to that rule. We cannot, of course, be responsible for those who
have given their own names to the press, to the public, of their own
accord.
We have a set of printed rules that will be observed, and in prac-
tice tliroughout the proceeding. One of those rules provides that
5011
5012 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
all witnesses may be represented by counsel who will advise them on
their constitutional rights, and if at any time during the proceeding —
and I say this because there are a number of witnesses present, and
it will save time and make it unnecessary to repeat this announcement
each time — any of the witnesses feel that they need a brief recess for
the purpose of a lengthy conversation with their counsel as to the
rights that they may have, a request by the witness will be honored.
There is one thing I do want to emphasize, and I want all the
witnesses to pay close attention to this : Under our rules, as everyone
should know, any prepared statement that any witness wishes to put
into the record must have been presented to the committee in advance
of the opening of the hearing. There will be no prepared statement
admitted unless that rule has been observed because the subcommittee
has no alternative but to observe all of the rules as they have been
agreed to unanimously by this committee.
Now, a great many other points will arise as the hearing proceeds.
If any witness has any question about the rules and their application,
he may address such query to the committee at any time during the
progress of the hearing.
Now, Mr. Counsel, if you are ready, you may call your first witness.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Gerald I. Harrison.
Mr. Field. Could this witness request that no pictures be taken in
this hearing room ?
Mr. Clardy. Have you had a copy of our rules ?
Mr. Field. I have not.
Mr. Clardy. May I give you a copy at this time because the right of
counsel does not extend to making arguments and so on, but I under-
stand what you have in mind. I will ask you to identify yourself in
a moment.
Will you raise your right hand and be sworn? You do solemnly
swear that the testimony you are about to give will be the truth, the
whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help yoii God?
Mr. Harrison. I do.
Mr. Clardy. Will y<^ii be seated ? Are you represented by counsel ?
TESTIMONY OF GERALD I. HARRISON, ACCOMPANIED BY HIS
COUNSEL, G. LESLIE FIELD
Mr. Harrison. Yes, I am represented by counsel.
Mr. Clardy. Yery well. Will counsel identify himself on the
record ?
Mr. Field. My name is G. Leslie Field, 4:15 Dime Building. I have
been requested to ask, but I guess it is too late, that no photographs be
taken.
Mr. Clardy. IMay I announce the rule on that ? I am sorry I over-
looked suggesting that. If, after the witnesses are sworn, any of
them wish to request that no further photographs be taken, it will be
honored; that is during the testimony. Up until the time the witness
is sworn, we have a standing rule that the photographers may photo-
graph us or anyone in the courtroom, but thereafter if the witness
desires to have the photographers cease, we will order them to cease.
Mr. Harrison. It is obviously impossible to do that at this moment.
Mr. Clardy. It is impossible up until the time you are sworn be-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5013
cause that is the rule we observe. Will the photographers please
desist ?
Mr. Harrison. These rules of procedure were handed to me a few
minutes before the proceedings began.
Mr. Clardy. That is right.
Mr. Harrison. I request that this committee adjourn the hearings
until I have had an opportunity to consult with my counsel regarding
the rules of procedure.
Mr. Clardy. The hearing will not be adjourned. Will you take
your seat ? Counsel, you may sit.
Mr. Field. May I address one question ?
Mr. Clardy. You may not. We do not permit that rule to be vio-
lated. At the recess if you have anything to suggest, you may, or you
may have your witness address any question you have in mind.
Mr. Field. May I file a motion to quash the subpena ?
Mr. Clardy. You may file it, yes, sir; and it will be duly put into
the files of the committee.
Mr» Harrison. May 1 request that the committee act upon this
motion which my attorney has made ?
Mi\ Clardy. You may make such a request. Now will you be
seated. Are you ready to proceed ?
Mr, Field. I would like to say the motion
Mr. Clardy. I am sorry.
Mr. Harrison. I would like the committee to act upon the motion
w^hich
Mr. Clardy. For the moment the motion wull be denied, and it wdll
be taken under further advisement for further action at the proper
time. Will you proceed, Mr. Counsel ?
Mr. Tavenner. Will you be seated, please, sir.
Mr. Harrison. I prefer to stand.
Mr. Clardy. No ; you may be seated. We prefer it.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name, please, sir?
Mr. Harrison. My name is Gerald Harrison.
Mr. Tavenner. When and where were you born ?
Mr. Harrison. Ottawa, Canada, in 1916, July 20.
Mr. Tavenner. When did you come to the United States?
Mr. Harrison. I believe it was in 1922 or 1923.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you a naturalized American citizen ?
Mr Harrison. No; I derived my citizenship from my father's
citizenship.
Mr. Tavenner. Wlien and where was your father naturalized ?
Mr. Harrison. I am not sure exactly when nor exactly where. I
believe it was in New York around the beginning of the century, I
think around 1922 or 1923 or thereabouts.
Mr. Ta^^nner. Had your father lived in Canada for any consider-
able period of time before your birth there?
Mr. Harrison. I am not aware of the exact year that he went to
Canada.
Mr. Tavenner. Your father had not lost his citizenship after leav-
ing the United States and going to Canada, I presume?
Mr. Harrison. Not to my knowledge.
Mr. Tavenner. Where do you reside?
Mr. Harrison. In Highland Park.
5014 COIMAIUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Tavenner. The city of Detroit ?
Mr. Harrison. No ; the city of Highland Park.
Mr. Tavenner. Wliat is your profession ?
Mr. Harrison. Well, I am a teacher, a teacher of mathematics, and
my training has been mathematics.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your
normal educational training has b^en for your profession?
Mr. Harrison. Is this to determine my competency to answer ques-
tions or for what purpose is this question asked?
Mr. Tavenner. Well, the obvious purpose of it is that the committee
may understand something of your background and experience.
Mr. Harrison. Well, I received my bachelor's and master's degrees
at Arizona State College at Tempe, Ariz., and I received my doctor'&
degree in mathematics at the California Institute of Technology in
1943.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your rec-
ord of employment has been ?
Mr. Harrison. Could I ask what the purpose of that question is ?
Mr. Tavenner. The same purpose as it was, to ascertain your back-
ground regarding your educational qualification.
Mr. Harrison. Well, I am presently employed by the board of edu-
cation of Detroit.
Mr. Tavenner. What other employment have you had ?
Mr. Harrison. Previous to that I was in the physics department of
Queens College.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the date, please ?
Mr. Harrison. I believe it was the spring semester of 1948 that I
was at Queens College.
Mr. Tavenner. Very well, sir. Prior to that how were you em-
ployed ?
Mr. Harrison. Prior to that I was employed by the Sperry Gyro-
scope Co. for a period of roughly a year, 13 months or so.
Mr. Clardy. At what place, witness ?
Mr. Harrison. This was at the Sperry Gyroscope Co., in Lake
Success.
Mr. Clardy. Wliere ?
Mr. Harrison. In Lake Success. It is a small village.
Mr. Clardy. On Long Island ?
Mr. Harrison. That is right, on Long Island.
Mr. Clardy. Where for a temporary period the United Nations had
its headquarters?
Mr. Harrison. That is true.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the nature of your employment there ?
Mr. Harrison. I was there, I believe, as a project engineer, working
on the matters which the company presented to me.
Mr. Tavenner. By "project engineer" what do you mean?
Mr. Harrison. Well, this is hard to explain. They needed someone
to work out mathematical, theoretical, so to speak, results, which would
be in aid of the engineering staff and whatever other needs arose, and
though they had no title for this type of work, they gave it the title of
project engineer. It doesn't indicate that I am an engineer because,
of course, I am not.
Mr. Tavenner. How long were you employed there, please?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5015
Mr. Harrison. I think it was over a year. I am not sure of the
exact time.
Mr. Tavenner. What was your employment prior to that?
Mr. Harrison. Prior to that I was employed at the radiation
laboratory of MIT.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the nature of your employment there?
Mr. Harrison. I believe the title was staff member of the radiation
laboratory, and again I worked there on various mathematical and
physical theories which were related to the needs of the laboratory.
Mr. Tavenner. How long were you so employed ?
Mr. Harrison. For, I think, just about a year, if not exactly a
year.
Mr. ScHERER. Were you employed on any Government projects,
for the United States Government ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes — I was employed by various laboratories which
were engaged in Government projects.
Mr. ScHERER. Defense work?
Mr. Harrison. Yes.
Mr. ScHERER. Was the material on which you were working classi-
fied material ?
Mr. Harrison. Some of it ; yes.
Mr. ScHERER. Were you cleared to handle classified material?
Mr. Harrison. I presume so. I have no knowledge. As far as I
know ; I was not informed otherwise, of course, until my termination
of employment at the Sperry Gyroscope Co.
Mr. ScHERER. Was that true with Sperry Gyroscope Co. also ?
Mr. Harrison. I just said, until my termination of employment at
the Sperry Gyroscope Co., I was cleared for this work, I presume.
I have no reason to believe otherwise.
Mr. ScHERER. At both of these plants, however, you were working
on defense projects?
Mr. Harrison. Well, at this first one we were mentioning, the
MIT laboratoiy, the money, of course, that the laboratory obtained
for its functioning was obtained on the basis of various projects.
My work, as I recall it, was not on any particular project. There
was a group of mathematicians and physicists who worked on general
problems which related to the needs of the laboratory. I don't recall
that I was on any particular project.
]Mr. ScHERER. The laboratory was doing work, however, for the
Defense Department of the United States Government ?
JNIr. Harrison. I believe so.
Mr. ScHERER. In both instances ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes, I think so.
Mr. Clardy. Sperry engaged in a great deal of research and
produced quite a number of items that were of great value in national
defense, did it not?
Mr. Harrison. I believe so ; yes.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Prior to your employment at the radiation labora-
tory, what the nature of your work ?
Mr. Harrison. I believe for a period of perhaps a year and a half
or two, the exact length escapes me, I was at the Harvard Underwater
Sound Laboratory in Cambridge, Mass.
5016 COMMXmiST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Tavenner. Did I understand you to say Harvard University?
Mr. Harrison. That is right. It was on the premises of Harvard
University. I am not clear as to the exact rehitionship that the
laboratory had to Harvard University.
Mr. Tavexxer. I'nderwater sound, is that what 3'ou said?
Mr. Harrison. Harvard Underw^ater Sound Laboratories.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the nature of your duties there?
Mr. Harrison. Again it was to make certain mathematical, theo-
retical investigations of the physical problems involved in the prob-
lems of the laboratory.
Mr. Tavenner. Did those problems deal with matters of de-
fense (
Mr. Harrison. I believe so, yes.
Mr. Clardy. As a matter of fact, the mathematical work you are
talking about was the real basis for the development of radar and
a great many other things that have come into use, was it not?
Mr. Harrison, Radar, of course, was largely a development of
the radiation laboratory at MIT.
Mr. Clardy. I say the mathematical formulas and the things you
worked ,on are of the type that are necessary as a foundation for
the practical application that has been made ?
Mr. Harrison. I believe so. I believe that can be said.
Mr. Clardy. You not only believe so, as a mathematician you
know so, don't you ?
Mr. Harrison. Well, to say that the theoretical foundation came
first before the practical applications is not always the case. I be-
lieve they are related.
Mr. Clardy. I understand.
Mr. IL\RRisoN. They complement one another.
Mr. Clardy. It is at least the explanation of what may have been
stumbled onto when tlie reverse takes place ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. For how long a period of time were you employed
at this institution?
Mr. Harrison. Incidentally, I am not sure you should call it an
institution. I was employed by the laboratory, of course.
Mr. Tavenner. By the laboratory at Harvard University?
Mr. Harrison. At Harvard University. I don't recall exactly. I
believe I was there for about 2 years, but I am not sure of the exact
dates at the moment.
Mr. ScHERER. What were those years?
Mr. Harrison. I believe I came there sometime in 1948, and I think
1 left there sometime in 1945. I believe those are the periods. Per-
haps if you have the record there you might state them. I am not
clear.
Mr. Tavenner. The notations which I have indicate that you were
employed there from 1943 to 1945.
Mr. SciiERER. What about tlie radiation laboratory at MIT, Mr.
Counsel? Do you have those notations?
Mr. Tavenner. 1945 to 194().
Mr. SoiiERER. What about the Sperry Gyroscope Co. ?
Mr. Tavexxer. 1946-47, which is substantially what tlie witness
said.
Mr. Harrison. I believe so.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5017
Mr. Ta\t3Nner. Prior to your employment at Harvard how were
you employed?
Mr. Harrison. Prior to that I was employed as a contract physicist
at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a civilian employee 'i
Mr. Harrison. Yes, I was a civilian employee.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the fate of your employment there at
the Naval Ordnance Laboratory ?
Mr. Harrison. It was similar to that which I have been describing
in my other work. It was of a mathematical theoretical nature which
related to the problems and the needs of the laboratory at that time.
Mr. Si- HERER. What type of projects ?
Mr. Harrison. Well, those that were of interest to the Navy at
that time.
JNIr. Scherer. Can you give us an illustration of one or two of the
projects on which you worked?
Mr. Harrison. Well, I don't know whether I ought to divulge that.
I don't think it is particularly important, and yet I hesitate to do
that.
Mr. Scherer. Was it that secret that you can't divulge it at this
time?
Mr. Harrison. No, no.
Mr. Scherer. If it was, I don't want you to disclose it, but I just
wanted to know if you were engaged on something as secret as that
so you can't disclose it.
Mr. Harrison. No, I don't think one decides whether one discloses
these things on the level of secrecy involved. I don't think that it
would be quite proper. I can only say that they were problems in
which the Navy was concerned at that time. Obviously there were
problems of great moment having to do with the threat that our
shipping was faced with at that time, and so on. The nature of the
work was ^
Mr. Scherer. Were they classified projects at that time ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes, the work was of a classified nature, yes.
Mr. Scherer. Then you w^ere cleared to handle classified work at
that time?
Mr. Harrison. I presume so.
Mr. Scherer. Don't you know ?
Mr. Harrison. I can only go on the basis that nothing to the
contrary was ever brought to my attention at that time. I believe
these things were a matter of routine, which was not to my knowledge.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Prior to your employment at the Naval Ordnance
Laboratory, how were you employed ?
Mr. Harrison. Well, the year prior to that I was working at the
California Institute of Technology toward my doctorate, and I was
simply studying during that year at the California Institute of Tech-
nology. That was just about a year, I think, that I was there at that
time.
Mr. Scherer. Mr. Counsel, what does your memorandum show with
reference to the time that this man was employed by the Navy ?
Mr. Tavenner. 1942 to 1943, is that correct?
48861— 54— pt. 1 3
5018 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Harrison. I believe that is right. I believe that is right. That
was immediately following my studies at California Tech ; yes, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. While at California Tech were you associated in
anyway with the scientific research being conducted in connection with
the atomic bomb.
Mr. Harrison. No. No, I was there on a fellowship which helped
to support me while I studied there, and I taught a class or two, as
I recall, but I did nothing else there during that year than tend to
my duties in this respect.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you teach at any other place ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes, I taught for 2 years at the New Mexico State
College of A. and M, A. I believe that is agriculture and mechanic
arts. It is a State college just outside of Las Cruces, N. Mex.
Mr. Tavenner. Wliat were the years?
Mr. Harrison. That would be 1939 to 1941.
Mr. Tavenner. The committee is informed that you are now em-
ployed as an assistant professor of mathematics at Wayne Univei-sity,
is that correct ?
Mr. Harrison. That is correct.
Mr. Tavenner. How long have you been teaching at Wayne Uni-
versity ?
Mr. Harrison. Well, my official contract, I think, began as of
September 1948, although I did teach there during the prior summer
session.
Mr. Tavenner. You have taught there constantly since that time?
Mr. Harrison. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Chairman, I desire to ask this witness various
questions regarding activities within the American Federation of
Teachers, or at least to inquire as to his knowledge of such activities,
but as the basis for my questioning I think that I should make known
to the witness the testimony of various persons who have appeared
before this committee as a background for my questioning.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. Proceed. I think I should also make the
statement at this time that we had anticipated today having Dr. Bella
Dodd here to repeat and expand some testimony on the subject that
you have in mind, but we have excused her from appearing today
because of a business engagement that she had. You may proceed.
Mr. Tavenner. Dr. Bella V. Dodd
Mr. Harrison. Incidentally, may I inquire, is it the practice of
the committee to excuse people because of business engagements?
Mr. Clardy. Witness, I have told counsel he may proceed. Just
be patient. You will understand what we are getting at when he is
finished. He is reading something on which he intends to base a
question. Be patient for a few moments, and you will discover what
he has in mind.
Mr. Tavenner. Dr. Bella V. Dodd was an organizer for the Ameri-
can Federation of Teachers and became its legislative representative
in the State of New York between the period of 1938 and 1943. She
testified before the committee that as early as 1932 she had been
active in a positive way with the Communists and the Communist
Party, although she was not at that time a member of the Communist
Party. She testified before this committee that she did not become
a member of the Communist Party until in 1943. After that time she
became one of the most influential open members of the Communist
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5019
Party in this country until she left the Communist Party entirely and
broke with it in 1948. She is now engaged in the practice of law in
the citv of New York.
Dr. Dodd held many important positions in the Communist Party.
She was a member of the State committee in New York from 1944 to
1948 and a member of the national committee of the Communist Party
for the same period, and she was State secretariat for the State of New
York. She was a member at one time or another of many of the most
important commissions of the Communist Party, including the wom-
en's commission, the labor commission, the youth commission, and the
legislative commission. In the course of her testimony she told this
committee that —
The Communist Party was very, very keen
and I am quoting her now —
about organizing teachers, professors, educators, the intellectuals, because these
are the molders of public opinion, and these are the people who make the shift
in public opinion for the country.
Very often it depended upon what period of history you were in as to whether
the professional people became identified with the Communists or not. During
the period when the Communist Party Ls in danger the professional people are
more or less placed underground. As a matter of fact, one of the things we
used to smile about — that is, those of us who became openly known as party
people — was the fear the professional people had, the timidity they had, and we
would constantly egg them on to become open and known Communists, but at
the same time we would protect those who were important to the party.
Teachers groups and, for instance, other groups like doctors, lawyers, scientists,
what will you, had their own separate organization and teachers particularly,
since they were large in number, had to worry about the question of .security
and the question of losing their jobs, and they would be organized by themselves
in certain periods of the party history. During the period of the extreme united-
front movement, the teachers were to join in street branches under different
names and to merge themselves with liousewives and others, but most of the
time that I knew the party the teachers had their own special organization with
just teachers. They never went to party headquarters and never went anywhere
near where the party might be identified, but meetings were organized and held
in out-of-the-way places, in private homes.
Dr. Dodd then testified as to the character of the work that was done
in the State of New York. This is what she said :
The Communist Party organized teachers in practically every high school and
in most of the elementary schools, and where there were elementary schools
in which we didn't have free members, then you would associate 3 or 4 of
the public schools together and establish a geographical unit. So you would
have a network of units which were called shop units, actually working within
the school, and then sending representatives to the county, and then sending
representatives to the city. From time to time, in order to control the union
work, we would have a meeting of all the teachers who were in the Communist
Party, or representatives from the various units. This was called fraction.
This was a fraction. You see, it was the policy of the Communist Party within
the unit. By 1938, however, it became unnecessary to have fractions anymore
because the Communist Party had established its domination over the union.
What happened then, we established a coordinating committee, we established
a top committee of the union, of Communist oflacers of the union, for the purposes
of establishina Dolicy.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Tavenner. I think it is only fair that this part of her testi-
mony also be brought out in connection with this. She testified as
follows :
Well, in contrast to the fact that there are 1 million teachers in America,.
or a little more than 1 million teachers at present, from my knowledge the-
5020 coiMJvruTsrisT actwities in the state of Michigan
highest number of Communist Party members that we had among the teachers
was never much more than 1,500. That is a very small group, but you must
bear in mir)d that in America there are only, according to J. Edgar Hoover,
25.000 party members at present among 160 million citizens. William Z. Foster
in his book says there are 75,000 party members. But whether there are 75.000
or 25,000, it doesn't matter. The number is insignificant compared to the total
population, yet we worry about the Communist situation. But the same thing
is true about the teachers. These 1,500 were all strategically placed and were
so instructed and so alert to the problems which the party wanted to bring
forward tliat you cannot count their number. You must see the intensity
with which they worli and the training which they had in revolutionary
techniques.
Well, teachers' unions operate the same as all other unions.
I am quoting from her testimony.
They are a branch of the large number and there is nothing wrong with
teachers' unions. I have known of some very effective work done on behalf
of teachers by teachers' unions. The difRculty arises that when Communists
take over a teachers' union they are not only interested in the economic welfare
of the teachers but they begin to use the union for a political purpose, and
that is where the real problem conies in because the Communists control the
teachers' unions which they do infiltrate.
Dr. Dodd then explained a difficulty that came about in the Teachers
Union, functionalism which resulted in an attack upon the Communist
group within the union, and this is what she has to say about that:
Around the period of the Stalin-Nazi pact in 1939 there were certain other
forces of the American Federation of Teachers who decided to fight the Com-
munist influence
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Tavenner (continuing to read) :
and, whereas, they had not had much success during the Stalin-Nazi pact, they
had a great deal of influence in fighting the Communist influence, and they
began pushing the Communist influence out of oflSce in the American Federation
of Teachers and forcing them out of positions of influence and ultimately
ousting them, expelling them from the American Federation of Teachers. It
was during this period when I mistakenly thought that the attack was one
upon free public education and I, with some help from the Communist I'arty,
began to equate the attack upon the grounds as an attack upon public educa-
tion. I merged the two and in merging them I gained the sympathy of many
people not Communists and got them to help the Communist Teachers' Union
to get support in their fight against being ousted by the American Federation
of 'Teachers.
Dr. Dodd then proceeds to tell the committee of the underlying
l^urpose of the Communist Party as she understood it in the State of
New York toward the Teachers Union or in unions generally, for
that matter. This is what she had to say :
The Communist I'arty is not interested in unions per se ; just to improve the
working conditions of the workers, and that includes the teachers, as well as
any other unions.
In that connection she quoted from Lenin as follows. This is what
Lenin said :
We are not interested in unions as reforming organizations. We are interested
in unions as politicalizing institutions.
In other words, according to Dr. Dodd's testimony —
they regarded with contempt unions engaged in what is called economism ; that
is, improving the economic conditions. It is only important if it can be politi-
calized. The Teachers Union of New York, unfortunately, came to be used as
a real political weapon by the party because the Teachers Union was one of the
lew unions over which they had some control in the American Federation of
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5021
Labor. They used it on every occasion in the State federation and the national
federation of labor. They used us to get political resolutions passed. For in-
stance, I remember in 1938 the party was very much interested in unity between
the CIO and the American Federation of Labor. Certainly that was a good
slogan.
Mr. Moulder. Mr. Tavenner, I don't say this in the spirit of criti-
cism in any manner whatsoever directed at you, bnt will there be
testimony connecting this witness with any of the matters in the testi-
mony from which you are now reading? Will there be direct testi-
mony connecting him with what you are reading from now ?
Mr. Tavenner. Not at all. This is the basis for asking this witness
regarding the local chapter of the Detroit Federation of Teachers, the
exact name, which is a local of the American Federation of Teachers,
of which we think he was a member during a critical period.
(At this point Mr, Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Moulder. My purpose in asking that question was not in any
way connected with the defense of this witness. I know nothing what-
soever about him other than what he has testified so far. But it seems
what you have been reading would be against him without any basis
for it whatsoever. That is the purpose of my objection.
Mr. Clardy. Counsel, do I understand it is your purpose to ask him
his knowledge of the general matters that apply at the moment only
to New York?
Mr. TA\nENNER. My whole purpose is to show through the testimony
of Dr. Dodd the importance of the Communist objectives in the Teach-
ers Union and then to ask this witness what knowledge he has regard-
ing those matters, if any. That is my sole purpose.
Mr. Clardy. It is not intended as any attack upon the Teachers
Union as such anywhere.
Mr. Tavenner. Not at all.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed.
Mr. Tavenner. Dr. Dodd then proceeded to tell how the Com-
munist Party induced her to organize and conduct the fight for unity
between the CIO and the American Federation of Labor. Dr. Dodd
also stated in the course of her testimony :
I think the American teachers have a great opportunity in the very difficult
time America faces. American teachers who are not Communists have a great
opportunity of showing themselves as people who love their country rather than
people who unwittingly cover up a conspiracy against our country. Communism
is the challenge of our times, and until that challenge is actually met and re-
solved nothing else is important. The teachers who talk about freedom, either
academic or otherwise, must understand that there will be precious little free-
dom if this conspiracy is not overcome, or if this world philosophy which seeks
to destroy us is not overcome. I think the American teachers are overwhelmingly
patriotic.
Now, we are anxious to know, Mr. Harrison, to learn all we can
regarding the objectives of the Communist Party in this area and
its attitude toward the American Federation of Teachers. We under-
stand from the testimony in many places that the American Federa-
tion of Teachers has succeeded in getting rid of all Communist in-
fluences in their organizations. I would like to ask you first if you
know of any effort on the part of the Communist Party to wield an
influence or control over any branch of the American Federation of
Teachers in Detroit ?
5022 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Harrison". Well, first let me say this, that the point raised by
Mr. Moulder, I think, should be very well taken. I believe that read-
ing such a long statement of testimony given by this witness in some
way connects me with the testimony which she has ^iven and is a way
of smearing and associating people with such questions and such un-
justified aspersions as people derive from such statements. I don't
feel that it was proper that such a lengthy testimony on the part of
this witness should be read into the record during the time of my
appearing here. It associates me with what she has said, and I don't
feel that that is a proper way to proceed.
Mr. ScHERER. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed.
Mr. Scherer. I think we can clear that matter up which the witness
raised very shortly. Were you a member of the American Federation
of Teachers?
Mr. Harrisox. I believe that is a very improper question. My
union affiliations, my union activities, are a matter which I think gen-
erally is considered outside of the realm of proper questioning by such
a committee. I would suggest that the proper officials —
Mr. Scherer. Pardon me.
Mr. Clardy. May I interrupt just a moment. That is a proper
question, Witness, and you are directed to answer it.
Mr. Harrison. May I confer with my attorney on this?
Mr. Clardy. You may.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.")
Mr. Harrison. Well, I disagree with the chairman. I feel that
this is an invasion of my rights under the first amendment which
prohibits Congress from legislating and therefore dealing in such
questions relating to my right of assembly and free speech and the
other rights which are guaranteed me under the first amendment.
Mr. Scherer. Mr. Chairman, may I withdraw my question tem-
porarily ?
Mr. Clardy. You may.
Mr. Scherer. Now may I ask you the question, Were you ever a
member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Harrison. I believe that that question, too, is as improper as
the first one was. I don't care to make a public spectacle of my
political affiliations or ideas.
Mr. Scherer. I th.ink as we go along, Mr. Chairman, the testimony
read by counsel becomes very, very competent in view of the wit-
ness' partial answers, at least, to my question. I am going to ask that
you direct the witness to answer my question whether or not he was
ever a member of the Communist Party.
Mr. Clardy. Yes; the witness is so directed; and may I state for
benefit of counsel, as well as the witness, we do recognize the right
of counsel to advise the wjtness and the witness to invoke the fifth
amendment properly so long as it is not done ca])riciously and, as you
know, without any danger of any possible incrimination. We do
not — and I say this so that everyone may understand it — at any time
recognize the right of any witness to refuse to answer on any other
ground so far as the Constitution is concerned. He has mentioned
the first amendment ; and, s^ince this is the first witness and there are
others here, I might as well make it plain that the invocation of
those other amendments has been attempted many times, has been
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5023
rejected, and will not be accepted by the subcommittee as a reason;
but, if the fifth amendment is raised in good faith and raised prop-
erly and at the proper time, it will be recognized. However, in this
instance I do not regard it as properly raised, and the Chair directs
that you answer the question. He has a right to, and I think per-
haps it may have been his indirect intention, and I don't want to
deprive him of it merely because of some technical language he may
have used. Now will you answer the question.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Smith.)
Mr. Harrison. Mr. Chairman, wouldn't this be a proper time for
you to act on the motion which I submitted ?
Mr. Clardy. The motion has been denied. The subject matter in
the motion— I have read it— has been raised many, many times by
many, many witnesses and has always been rejected and always will
be. Now you may answer the question.
Mr. Harrison. ^ Well, am I to understand that according to the in-
structions that you gave me that I am here under the suffrage of my
rights under the Constitution as indicated by you ?
Mr. Clardt. You have a right to raise your proper constitutional
objections to answering questions. However, you may not invoke it
for any frivolous reason. You may not invoke it when it is not com-
pletely proper. In this instance I do not so regard it. It is not a crime
to be a member of the Communist Party, not yet.
Mr. Harrison. By that statement you imply that if I should stand
upon my rights of the fifth amendment, that you would infer that the
answer to that question would be that I was.
Mr. Clardy. We are making no implications whatever, and to cut
this short because we have a lot of witnesses, you are directed to answer.
You may either invoke the fifth amendment or you may answer as you
wish. I have no desire to tell you how to answer, merely to tell you
that you have those alternatives.
Mr. Harrison. Just a moment, please.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. Mr. Chairman, may I raise at this point the question
of due process which I believe is being deprived me here?
Mr. Clardy. No ; you may not. I have instructed you, I think, as to
what course you may follow. We have been over this road many, many
times, and while I do not challenge your raising it in perfect good
faith, seeking to raise other things, we have had it before us. We do
not honor any request to refuse to answer unless it is based on the fifth
amendment. Now, you may invoke it if you wish, despite the fact that
the Chair thinks it would be improperly invoked, and I shall not advise
you as to your rights. You have able counsel there beside you who
can do that. But make your choice and answer it so we may be on.
Mr. Harrison. It seems to me, though, that I have certain rights
Mr. Clardy. May I suggest, sir, I have directed you to answer. Now
either answer or not, and we will be on with the business.
Mr. Harrison. In that connection then I think I will have to decline
to answer that question on the basis of the first amendment which
states
Mr. Clardy. We do not recognize that. I must cut you short on
that. If you want to go into the fifth amendment, O. K.
Mr. Harrison. May I be permitted to answer this question as I
would like to answer it ?
5024 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Clardy. Will it be very long, because we do not recognize any-
thing except the fifth amendment.
Mr. PIarrison. I do not think it will take very long.
Mr. Ci-ARDY. Make it brief.
Mr. Harrison. I wish to decline to answer this question on the
basis of the first amendment because I believe it violates the rights
which the people have reserved unto themselves, and Congress has no
right to legislate on these matters, and therefore it is improper for
this committee to investigate concerning these matters, and I think
that I have a perfect right to state that I refuse or decline to answer
the question on that ground as well as the grounds that I am being
deprived here of my rights under the Constitution of due process.
This is, in fact, a public trial, and I think I have been denied my
rights because of reasons which I am not aware of. There have been
other such hearings and witnesses, and people have been given these
rights, such as the present hearings in Washington where, in this
well-known hearing, Mr. McCarthy and his associates have been
given
Mr. Clardy. Witness we will not go into hearings before any other
body or any other committee. Confine yourself to your own problem
here today.
Mr. Harrison. I simply wish to point out that in other hearings
people have been given their full rights under due process of cross-
examination of witnesses, of introducing testimony, and so on, and
therefore I feel I am perfectly correct and well within the meaning
of the Bill of Rights and the Constitution in invoking my rights
under the fifth and sixth amendments of due process, and further-
more, I
Mr. Clardy. Very well. You have answered. Counsel, will you
proceed.
Mr. ScHERER. May I finish ?
Mr. Clardy. Proceed.
Mr. ScuERER. Let me ask you if you are a member of the Com-
munist Party today?
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question on the same
grounds which I have been enumerating here. I refuse to make a
public spectacle of my political views or affiliations as well as the
reasons which I have stated under the first amendment. This is an
improper question, and under the fifth and sixth amendments this
committee is depriving me of my rights under the Constitution.
Mr. ScHERER. You understand that the Supreme Court of this
country has said that the Communist Party today is a part of an inter-
national conspiracy, criminal conspiracy, controlled from the Krem-
lin, don't you? I am just asking whether you are a member of that
party today, that is all. Are you or are you not ?
Mr. IIarrison. This appears to me to be the same question you
asked a moment ago.
Mr. Sgherer. No; I asked you were you a member. Now I asked
you : Are you today ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes ; that is how I understood your question a mo-
ment a":o.
Mr. SciiERER. That is a different question.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5025
Mr. Clardy. May I interrupt. You said "Yes," and in the cold
record it might be taken as an admission that you were a member. I
am sure you didn't intend that.
Mr. Harrison. No ; I simply said yes, that I understood the ques-
tion. I feel that the answer which I gave concerning the past as well
as the present is equally valid on the basis of the principles involved.
Mr. Clardy. To shorten it up, hereafter if you wish to invoke an
objection, just say on the same grounds already advanced, and we will
understand it.
Mr. ScHERER. I am still going to ask this witness whether or not
he is a member of the Communist Party today because the witness
hasn't answered.
Mr. Harrison. I believe I have answered that question, as the chair-
man has recognized, and I simply would restate that the
Mr. ScHERER. For the same reasons you stated before, namely, on
the grounds of the fifth amendment, right ?
Mr. Harrison. I stated quite a number of reasons.
Mr. ScHERER. Well, because of the other reasons you stated, also.
Mr. Harrison. Can the secretary read back my reply to that?
Mr. ScHERER, No, no. Let me ask you this: You are refusing to
answer, I understand, for the reasons you have stated, including the
-fifth amendment, is that right ?
Mr. Harrison. Just a moment.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. Well, I mentioned the due process provision of the
fifth amendment. I stand on the Constitution in its entirety. I don't
care to — I think I have answered that question, sir.
Mr. ScHERER. All right. Let me ask you, were you a member of the
Communist Party when you w^orked on the Sperry Gyroscope project
in 1946 and 1947?
Mr. Harrison. I think my answer is the same to that question, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Pardon just a moment. You said you think. Do you
actuallv decline to answer on the grounds
Mr. Harrison. Yes ; my answer is the same.
Mr. Clardy. Hold it just a minute. I wish you would always an-
nounce, if that is your intention, "I decline to answer on the grounds
previously given," and that will protect your record. I don't want
to have you feel that we are doing anything that will rush you along
and make you answer in a way so that the full record will look wrong.
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answ^er the question
Mr. Clardy. May I suggest that the audience refrain from any
demonstration. It will be necessary to clear the room unless you re-
main absolutely quiet. It is hard enough to hear as it is. We will
tolerate no murmuring, no talking, nothing of that kind. Proceed.
Mr. Harrison. Mr. Chairman, w^ill you repeat the phrase you are
suggesting I use?
Mr. Clardy. Yes. I say, if you wish to decline to answer, say, "I
decline to answer on the grounds previously advanced," or words to
that effect. You have a good command of English, and anything
that paraphrases that will be all right in the record.
Mr. Harrison. Thank you.
5026 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. ScHERER. Let me ask you, were you a member of the Communist
Party when you worked at the Eadiation Laboratories at Massachus-
etts Institute of Technology?
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison". I think I have indicated, and I am sure you know
in advance what my answers to these questions are going to be.
Mr. ScHERER. The record doesn't know.
Mr. Clardy. Yes, you must answer.
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question for the reasons
already stated.
Mr. Scherer. Were you a member of the Communist Party when
you worked at the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory in 194S
and 1945?
Mr. Harrison. Same answer, sir.
Mr. Scherer. You decline to answer for the same reason ?
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer for the same reason.
Mr. Scherer. Now I am going to ask you, were you or are you a
member of the American Federation of Teachers ?
Mr. Harrison. I still feel that is a highly improper question, to in-
quire into my union activities or affiliations, and for all of the reasons
which I have already given I will decline to answer.
Mr. Clardy. Pardon me. Witness, that question is a question that
the Chair feels is perfectly proper and that you should answer, and I
therefore direct you to answer it.
Mr. Harrison. Didn't I understand you to withdraw that question a
moment ago?
Mr. Clardy. Yes, but he has restated it now after he had asked the
other questions. I am directing you to answer. Of course you may
invoke the fifth amendment if you wish, but I think it would be im-
properly done.
Mr. Harrison. Just a moment. May I consult with my counsel ?
Mr. Clardy. Yes, you may.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question on the grounds
already stated and on the grounds of the motion which I presented to
this committee as well which I will be glad to read into the record if
you care.
Mr. Scherer. Were you ever an officer of the American Federation
of Teachers or one of its locals ?
Mr. Harrison. Same answer, sir.
Mr. Clardy. You mean you are declining?
Mr. Harrison. I am declining to answer.
Mr. Scherer. All right, Mr. Counsel. I am finished.
Mr. Tavenner. Who is the president at this time of the Wayne
University chapter of the Detroit Federation of Teachers?
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. I answer that in the same way that I have answered
the other questions regarding this matter.
Mr. Clardy. Again, Witness, you say you think. Are you declin-
ing?
Mr. Harrison. I am declining.
Mr. Scherer. I ask you that you direct the witness to answer that
question. There is no possible excuse for not answering that question.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5027
Mr. Clardy. Yes, the Chair so directs that you answer the question
counsel has asked.
Mr, Hareison. Just a moment, please.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Clardy. Before you answer, perhaps I should tell you some-
thing that may have escaped even counsel's attention. When the
Chair directs that a question be answered, I think the counsel will
understand what the committee has in mind. If we direct it, it is be-
cause we feel that it would be utterly improper to fail to do so, and it
may be the basis for some further or future action on the part of the
committee, or at least a recommendation. I say that so you will
understand why that procedure is followed. Are you ready, Witness ?
Mr. Harrison. Just a moment, please.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. The long statement read by the counsel here indi-
cated that apparently there might have been some illegal activities of
otherwise innocent and bona fide organizations, and I don't see why
I should be expected to answer questions about such an organization
for that reason in addition to the many reasons I have already given.
Mr. Scherer. Let me ask, Isn't it a fact that you, as a member of
the Communist Party, along with others sought to dominate the local
of the teachers union?
Mr. Harrison. Is it the business of this committee to charge people
with such things as this?
Mr. Clardy. Witness, address yourself to answering the questions
and not propounding them,
Mr. Harrison. I am asking if I am being charged with something.
If so, this committee is acting improperly and outside the legitim.ate
function of a committee of the legislature,
Mr. Clardy, Now will you answer the question, please ?
Mr, Harrison. What is the question again, sir?
^Ir. Clardy, Will you repeat it. Miss Reporter?
(The question was read by the reporter as follows :)
Let me ask, Isn't it a fact that you, as a member of the Communist Party,
along with others sought to dominate the local of the teachers union?
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question on the grounds
previously stated,
Mr. Clardy, Witness, are you in fact the head of that local or in
some official capacity connected with it at the moment ?
Mr. Harrison, It appears to me this is
Mr, Clardy, The Wayne University chapter, you understand what
I am talking about ?
Mr. Harrison, It appears to me this is the same question, sir,
Mr, Clardy, No, it is not, sir. You were asked to name the perscjn.
You have declined to answer. Now I am asking you if it isn't a fact
that you are that person ?
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question for the same
reason.
Mr, Clardy. Then I direct you, sir, because the fact that you may
hold an official position of some kind there cannot possibly incriminate
you. We do not regard the teachers' profession as being overrun with
5028 COMISIUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Communists. We do not regard it as a Communist front or anything
of the kind. We regard it as having no more Communists than any-
other group, inchiding that of the profession of which I am a member,'
but it is important that we discover whether you are, as we have reason
to believe, head of that particular branch. Now I direct you again to
answer that question.
(At this point INIr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. I decline for the reasons previously stated, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you have any knowledge of Communist Party
influences within the Progressive Party in Detroit ?
Mr. Harrison. Is this committee investigating political parties?
Mr. Tavenner. We are investigating communism wherever we find
it, sir.
Mr. Clardy. I think I may tell you, witness, that we have an abun-
dant amount of evidence dealing Mnth the Communist nature of the
group we are talkinjT about. Now, answer the question.
Mr. Harrison. Well, it seems to me that for the reasons I have al-
ready stated and in particular my rights under the first amendment, I
cannot answer such a question and assist this committee in this type
of investigation. I can't see that it is proper to investigate the activi-
ties of a political party.
Mr. Clardy. If it is a genuine political party, yes, but the Com-
munist conspiracy is not a political party in any sense. It is a deadly,
treasonous conspiracy, dedicated to destroying our way of life. We
are asking you about the Progressive Party, an arm of that organiza-
tion. I again direct you to answer.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question because of the
political nature on the basis of the grounds previously stated.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you at any time since 1949 held a position or
an office in the Progressive Party in the city of Detroit or Highland
Park?
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question on the grounds
already stated.
Mr. Tavenner. A question was asked you by a member of the com-
mittee in the earlier part of your testimony regarding clearance for
classified work while you were employed on Government projects, and
I understood you to say or to indicate that it was at the time of the
termination of your service with the Sperry Gyroscope Co. that you
found that clearance was necessary. Is that in substance what you
said ?
Mr. Harrison. No; I didn't say that.
Mr. Tavenner. Well, what did you mean to tell the committee about
the time when you discovered that clearance was necessary to work on
classified material?
Mr. Harrison. Well, this wasn't something that I discovered. This
is a matter of common knowledge that clearance is required when
people are working on certain projects.
Mr. Tavenner. You seemed in some doubt about it in the early part
of your testimony. That is the reason I am trying to clear it up.
You know, then, that clearance was necessary for you?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5029
Mr. Harrison. I understand that clearance was necessary for every-
one who worked on such projects; yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Well, was clearance denied you for work on clas-
sified contracts while you were employed by the Sperry Gyroscope
Co.?
Mr. Harrison. Well, after I had been employed there for over a
year, as I recall, an officer of the company came to me and statedy
as I recall, that by some oversight on the part of the company I
had not been asked to fill out some forms or other. I don't recall
what was on these forms. They were given to me, and I filled them
out at that time, and several weeks later it was brought to my atten-
tion that I was no longer given the clearance to work on the project
which I had been working on for over a year, and, incidentally,
relative to which I had just about completed the theoretical work,
I think, that I was called in to the project in the first place to com-
plete, and my work was terminatecl, my position with Sperry was
terminated, because my services could no longer be of any use to them,
for that reason.
Mr, Clardy. Was that the incident that you mentioned in the public
statement you issued last week?
Mr. Harrison. I didn't mention that incident in any public state-
ment that I issued officially.
Mr. Clardy. I read something in the press, something attributed
to you, that sounded as though it referred to your separation from
the payroll for security reasons with a further statement on your part
that you didn't understand what they had in mind. My question was
merely, was the incident you are talking about the one you had in
mind in the press statement that you made ?
Mr. Harrison. I believe so ; yes.
Mr. Clardy. Did you make any inquiry to discover why you were
separated for what you have called security reasons ?
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. Well, as I say, I can't be held responsible for the
faulty paperwork of the Sperry Co., but this, as I have related it,
is the case, the circumstances, under which my termination of employ-
ment with the Sperry Co. — these are the circumstances under which
that occurred. It is true that I inquired of my superiors ; I inquired
of various people in official capacity of the Sperry Co. to determine
for what possible reason this action was taken. I was told that they
were not told why this action was taken. They suggested finally,
after some such inquiries, that I go to speak to a Navy officer in
the Brooklyn Navy Yard. This I did. I conferred with him. He
also stated he could not give me these reasons. I am not sure he knew
them, but he stated he couldn't give them to me.
Mr. Clardy. Was this a security officer of the Navy you were
talking to?
Mr. Harrison. I am not sure of his exact title. I am not sure of
that. He finally suggested that I write to an Army agency. I re-
member that particularly because this was a Navy officer, and it was a
Navy project, I believe, that I worked on, but he referred me to some
Army agency. I wrote to that Army agency to inquire why this action
was taken, and I thinlv sometime later they wrote to me saying, in
substance, that they could not divulge the reasons for this action, and
5030 COIVIMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
that was the end result of it, and I know of no further matters related
to this,
Mr, Clardt. All right. Let me ask you this then : On the form that
you had to fill out were there questions dealing with a possible Com-
munist Party connection on your part which you did not answer ?
]Mr. Harrison. I don't recall that, sir. I don't even have the vaguest
recollection of what was on that form.
Mr. Clardy. Isn't it a fact that you do know that those forms all
have questions that deal with that subject, that that is one of the prime
purposes for having
Mr. Harrison. I don't believe so. There were many such forms
that never mentioned the Communist Party or activity in the
Mr. Clardy. Did the one you signed contain a statement that you
were not then and never had been a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. HxVRRisoN, I don't believe so, but as I sa}', I don't know, I have
only the vaguest recollection about that particular form.
Mr. ScHERER. Did any of the forms you signed in connection with
these positions you held have some question on them inquiring as to
your membership in the Communist Party ?
Mr. Harrison. I am sorry. I just don't recall any particular mat-
ter that was on these forms, and I don't feel I can
Mr. ScHERER, About how many forms did you fill out in connection
with these various jobs you held ?
Mr. Harrison, Tliere must have been many, many of them, from
the very outset of my work with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory.
Mr, Scherer, Without identifying any particular job, do you re-
call that at least one of those forms had questions on it relating to
Communist Party affiliations?
Mr, Harrison, I would guess that none of them did, but they some-
times do inquire in other ways concerning matters which are sup-
posedly related to that, but as I recall it, I don't believe that that par-
ticular question w^as asked on any of these forms. They sometimes do
inquire as to whether you belonged to an organization that advocated
the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force and
violence, and there are other forms by which this question is asked,
I say again, this particular question, placed as you put it, I don't think
was on any of these forms,
Mr, Scherer, You signed many forms and applications in connec-
tion with the various jobs you have told us about, liaven't you ?
Mr, Harrison. Yes, I have signed many such forms.
Mr. Scherer. And your answer indicated you have been asked ques-
tions with reference to Communist Party connections, is that right?
]Mr, Harrison, No, I don't believe that is right, I don't recall that I
was — I don't recall any such questions, I would be glad if you
brought them to my attention, I don't recall them in that particular
form,
Mr. Scherer. Proceed, counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Well, as I understand it, clearance was denied you
by the company ?
Afr. nAKKisoN. Not by the company, by whatever agency, the Navy,
3 })elieve in this case, determined such matters,
Mr, Tavenner, Prior to tlie time that you were denied clearance to
Avork on the.se projects at the Sperry Gyroscope Co, plant, had you
been a member of the Communist Party ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5031
Mr. Harrison. I believe that I have answered that question. I
stand upon the grounds which I have ah^eady previously stated in de-
clining to answer that question.
Mr. Tavenner. There has been brought to my attention an article
in the Wayne Collegian attributing to you a statement that when the
subpena was served upon you that you had no idea why the committee
wanted to talk with you. Is that a correct quotation ?
Mr. Harrison. I think it is substantially correct. I had no idea
why the subpena was being served me, as I recall it.
Mr. TAM2NNER. Do you recall that when the subpena was served on
you by an investigator of the Committee on Un-American Activities
that lie told you that he wanted to talk to you about what was con-
tained in the records of this committee regarding Communist Party
affiliations on your part and gave you his name and address at the
Whittier Hotel and told you to get in touch with him if you would talk
with him about it ? ^
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. Is this relevant to the inquiry? Does the investiga-
tor have the power of inquiring of prospective witnesses that
Mr. Clardy. Witness, may I point out to you that you have made a
public statement to the effect that you had absolutely no knowledge as
to why on earth the subpena was served upon you, ^vhen as a matter
of fact, the investigator who served it upon you did his utmost to ex-
plain it to you, and you utterly refused to cooperate, to discuss ; in fact
you became, as I recall it from his story to me, quite uncooperative in-
stantly and refused to talk about it. Now, we want the correctness or
the incorrectness of what I have said laid out on the record at the
moment.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field. )
Mr. Harrison. Well, I — just a moment, please.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mv. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. Well, I don't see that I have any duty to cooperate
with investigators. I made a statement to the effect that two investi-
gators, including Mr. Appell — the name of the other gentleman I
don't recall, but it was stated at the time
]\Ir. McClardy. He is here in the courtroom.
Mr. Harrison. It was stated at the time — they simply came into
my office. As I recall it, Mr. Appell provided me with his identity.
I looked at it. The picture appeared to be his. I asked them what
they wanted. I don't recall the exact exchange of words. There
weren't many words spoken. None of them were angry or of any
emotional nature as I recall it. They simply handed me the subpena.
They stated that if I desired, I might come to him at his hotel and
discuss this matter with him, which I couldn't see that it was in any-
way my duty or obligation to do, and I proceeded not to do so.
Mr. Clardy. Didn't he, as a matter of fact, tell you that he wanted
to discuss with you any possible Communist connections that you
might have and that we had information in our files dealing with that
subject, and didn't you then and thereupon decline to discuss?
Mr. Harrison. He mentioned nothing about the files.
I don't recall that he mentioned anything about files or information.
Mr. Clardy. Did he or did he not discuss that with you?
Mr. Harrison. I don't recall the exact words that were stated.
There was no such discussion
5032 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Clardy. My question will permit a yes or no answer. Did he
discuss that or any part of that subject I have discussed with you
at that time ? Yes or no and then any explanation you care to give.
Mr. Harrison. I don't know whether I can answer that yes or no.
I think it was substantially as I have stated it. He presented me with
this subpena, with this summons to appear before this committee.
There were a few words, but very few words spoken. He mentioned
nothing about files of this committee that I recall, and I must admit
that my recollection may not be entirely accurate of this, but there
were ver}^ few words spoken, and he simply left at that point.
Mr. Clardy. Was the word "Communist" used at any time ?
Mr. Harrison. I don't recall, sir. It may have been, I don't recall.
Mr. Clardy. Did you at that time ask him for any explanation as
to why the subpena was being served ?
Mr. Harrison. Well, I didn't see that that was proper. I didn't
know whether he was the proper authority to provide me with such
an explanation. It seemed to me he was given the authority to
present me with the summons, and I accepted the summons, and I
felt thnt my duty had been completed at that point.
Mr. Clardy. Did you have any curiosity at all at that time as to
why you were being subpenaed?
Mr. Harrison. I think I might have guessed what a committee such
as this might be interested in doing in presenting me with this
subpena.
Mr. Clardy. But you did not ask any questions?
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
]\Tr. Harrison. I had no duty to ask any questions there ; no.
ISIr. Clardy. I am not asking you whether you had any duty. I am
just trying to establish the fact as to whether you did or did not. Did
you or did you not?
Mr. Harrison. I don't recall that I did.
Mr. Clardy. You may proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Did the investigator tell you that the committee
possessed information regarding j^ou? Whether he used "files" or
not; did he say he had information regarding communism?
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question. I don't see how
it can be relevant to the inquiry which this committee is supposed to
be conducting.
Mr. Clardy. Witness, in view of the public statement that you have
made and which you have admitted that you made here, I noAv direct
you to answer that question. And Mr. Counsel, before the proceed-
ing is concluded, I ask that we make part of the record as an exhibit
a copy of the release.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. Is this question being asked as to my credibility?
I don't understand the nature of this question and how it pertains to-
this committee's function. Could you explain that to me?
Mr. Clardy. It isn't necessary to explain it, but I will. You have
attempted, sir, through the public press, to create the impression that
you had absolutely no idea whatsoever as to why a subpena was served,
and you have sought also to create the impression that the committee
has served it upon you without having any information in its pos-
session whatsoever to justify doing so. We are seeking to discover-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5033
whether or not you will tell us the facts with regard to the incident
as it actually happened, not as you reported it in the press. Now you
have an opportunity to explain here. Counsel will now proceed to
ask the rest of the questions, but I ask that you answer that last ques-
tion or refuse to answer it as you may desire.
Mr. Harrison. And what is this last question ?
Mr. Tavenner. The last question was whether or not, at the time
of service of the subpena by Mr. Appell, the investigator for this com-
mittee, you were told by him that the committee possessed certain
information relating to Communist Party affiliations on your part?
Mr. Harrison. I don't remember, sir.
Mr. Clardy. You will not deny that it may have been said ?
Mr. Harrison. I said I don't remember.
Mr. Clardy. I am asking you, will you deny that it was said ?
Mr. Harrison. If I don't remember, I don't see how I can deny
what was said.
Mr. Clardy. Then you are not in a position to either affirm or deny
at the moment?
Mr. Harrison. That is correct.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. Proceed, counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. I desire to offer in evidence the April 19, 1954,
issue of the Wayne Collegian and ask that it be marked Harrison
Exhibit No. 1, for identification only.
Mr. Clardy. It will be received.
(The April 19, 1954, issue of the Wayne Collegian, marked "Harri-
son Exhibit No. 1," was received in evidence.)^
Mr. Tavenner. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Do you gentlemen have any further questions?
Mr. Harrison. Mr. Chairman, may I again bring this motion
which I made at the outset to your attention ?
Mr. Clardy. We have ruled on the motion. Witness. We have
ruled on it with finality. It has been denied. I first denied it tem-
porarily, and told you we would read it and consider it. We have
considered it, and we deny it. _
Mr. PIarrison. Will the chairman introduce this in the record in
its entirety, that this motion was stated and read into the record?
Mr. Clardy. We will put it in the files, and the full committee will
take such action at the proper time as is necessary. I am going to
discover whether any of these other members have any questions.
Mr. Field, at the noon recess I would like to have a few words with
you. You know the subject matter I have in mind.
Mr. Scherer seems to have some questions at the moment.
Mr. Scherer. You lived in Boston at one time, did you not, Mr.
Harrison ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes, I did. I lived in Boston at one time.
Mr. Scherer. When was it you lived in Boston ?
Mr. Harrison. It was quite some time ago. If I recall correctly,
it was about 10 years ago.
Mr. Scherer. Isn't it a fact that when you lived in Boston you
were educational director of the Frederick Douglass Southeast Branch,
of the Communist Party of Boston, Mass. ?
* Retained in committee files.
48861 — 54 — pt. 1 i
5034 COACVIUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr, Harrison. Well, in view of the nature of that question I
think I have already indicated that that type of question will be
given the same answer which I have previously given.
Mr. ScHERER. You decline to answer, then, for the same reason?
Mr. Harrisox. I object very much to this type of testimony being
introduced in the record which gives me no opportunity to cross-
examine witnesses that might have made such allegations or any
of the due-process provisions of the Constitution.
Mr. Ci^^RDT. Witness, may I point out you are being given an
ample opportunity to deny it if in fact you were not such a member,
and you are being given that opportunity simultaneously with the
asking of the question. If you were not a member, no harm can come
to you from saying so. If you were, you cannot be punished in any
court in the land for that admission. I direct, therefore, that you
answer the question.
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Clardt. As Mr. Scherer points out, the statute of limitations,
if there had been any crime connected with that, which there was not,
long ago elapsed in view of what you were saying.
Mr. Harrison. If I were in a court I think I would consider answer-
ing questions such as that where I would be given rights guaranteed
which are mine.
Mr. Clardy. Witness, under the rule you either answer or decline.
Mr. Harrison. I decline to answer that question as I have already
stated, on the same grounds.
Mr. Scherer. Isn't it a fact that as late as 1950 you were a member
of the Nat Turner section of the Communist Party of the State of
Michigan ?
(At this point Mr. Harrison conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Harrison. I have the same objection, and I decline to answer
that question for the grounds already given, and I object to this man-
ner of smearing of witnesses on the basis
Mr. Clardy. There is no smear, sir, in asking you whether you have
been a member of the party when you have ample opportunity under
oath to deny the connection with that subversive organization. If
you do not choose to do so, you make your own bed, and you must lie
in it. Now tell us whether you answer or do not.
Mr. Harrison. I do not choose to make a political spectacle — a pub-
lic spectacle of my political ideas and affiliations, and I believe that
the rules here being laid down by this committee — as I have stated,
this committee is depriving me of the opportunity to face and cross-
examine witnesses. As President Eisenhower himself has said, we in
this country believe in this principle of having the riglit to face and
cross-examine those who might accuse us, and I believe that Mr.
Scherer has essentially accused me of something in a public trial —
which this actually is — and I believe I should have the right
Mr. Clardy. I give you now the opportunity to answer and then to
summon up any witness you may care to at the proper time at our
mutual convenience to support your denial if you do deny it.
Mr. Harrison. This is placing logic on its lioad. A person is inno-
cent until proven guilty. It is up to this committee to provide the evi-
dence upon which any allegations are made.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5035
Mr. ScHERER. You said Mr. Scherer has accused you. Let us assume
that I have accused you of membership in the Communist Party in the
two instances which I have mentioned. Is my accusation correct or
false?
Mr. Hareison. As I have stated, I believe that it is improper for a
congressional committee to publicly accuse people in such a manner as
this committee is doing, depriving me of my rights under the Con-
stitution.
Mr. Scherer. And you have a public opportunity to deny if my
accusation is false.
Mr. Harrison. I will not make a public spectacle of my political
views.
Mr. Scherer. I understand.
Mr, Clardy. You are refusing '^o answer on the grounds already
advanced ?
Mr. Harrison. That is corre':t.
Mr. Scherer. In view of your testimony, of course, I can come —
find I can see how no reasonable individual can come — to no other
conclusion but that you were a member of the party in those two
instances.
Mr. Harrison. The courts do not come to such a conclusion, and
this is a quasi -court here which denies me my constitutional privilege.
Mr. Clardy. jNIr. Moulder?
Mr. Moulder. I want to verify. As I understand, the witness'
contention is that if there is any basis for the questions asked, the
witnesses should be produced here to testify.
Mr. Harrison. "Well, here or in the proper circumstances. If this
were a court of law, we would proceed in that manner.
Mr. ISIouLDER. As I understand, that is your opinion ?
Mr. Harrison. Yes; or to a grand jury or whatever the proper
facilities are for enforcing the law,
Mr. Clardy. Do I understand at such time as the committee does
produce a witness who testifies you are a member of the party, will you
then answer the questions then propounded to you ?
Mr. Harrison. Provided this is done in the proper way, and I am
given all the rights to face him, to cross-examine him, to present
contrary evidence; if I am given all the guaranties which I think
I have a right to as a private citizen, and I think that I might then
consider this, but under the present circumstances ■
Mr. Clahdy. If 5^ou are identified by a witness at some time in the
progress of the hearing by the Un-American Activities Committee,
then you will appear and testify and answer freely and frankly
Mr. Harrison. Under the circumstances
Mr. Clardy. Wait a minute. You will appear and answer all the
questions that have been propounded to you ?
Mr. Harrison. I think many of these witnesses that the Un-Amer-
ican Committee is planning to call up are completely discredited in the
eyes of most enlightened people, and I don't see why I should be
called to answer for that type of testimony.
Mr. Clardy. All right. Do you have any further questions,
counsel ?
Mr. Tavenner. Xo further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. The witness is dismissed. We will have
a 5-minute recess.
5036 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
(Whereupon, at 11 a. m., the hearing was recessed to reconvene at
11:05 a. m.)
(Whereupon, at 11 : 20 a. m., the hearing was reconvened.)
Mr. Clardy. The committee will be in session. Counsel, call your
next witness.
Mr. TA^^:NNER. Mr. Irving Stein.
Mr. Clardy. Will you raise your right hand Do you solemnly
swear the testimony you are about to give will be the truth, the whole-
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Stein. I do.
JNIr. Clardy. And are you, as I see, represented by Mr. Field ?
Mr. Stein. Yes ; I am.
TESTIMONY OF IRVING STEIN, ACCOMPANIED BY HIS COUNSEL,
G. LESLIE EIELD
Mr. Clardy. Let the record so note.
Mr. Stein. I would like to request that no pictures of any kind
be taken in the courtroom while I am testifying, sir.
Mr. Clardy. I have issued instructions to start with that we have
no flashlights popping in your face at any time during the proceed-
ing from here on out. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Stein. Is it proper for me to ask that no pictures of any kind
be taken in the courtroom ?
Mr. Clardy. It is proper for you to ask, but under the committee
rules I am prohibiting any flashlight pictures from being taken from
here on out.
Mr. Sit:in. I see. Thank you, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name, please, sir ?
Mr. Field. May I ask the indulgence of the committee that we make
the same motion and file the same brief with respect to Mr. Stein as
we did to Professor Harrison ?
Mr. Clardy. Yes, sir; we have broken the rule for you again, sir,
and we will receive it.
Mr. Field. Thank you.
Mr. Clardy. We will treat it in the several instances in which you
will appear, if that is agreeable to you.
Mr. Field. Yes.
Mr. Clardy. And, of course, at each time we will show you a good
impartial denial of your motion.
Mr. Field. Thank you.
Mr. Stein. May I have the reasons for the denial of the motion?
Mr. Clardy. You may not at this time, sir, except that we do not
accept them as sound, and they have been rejected before. Proceed',
Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name, please, sir ?
Mr. Stein. My name is Irving Stein.
Mr. Tavenner. Where do you live ?
Mr. Stein. I live at 3744 Boston, Detroit.
Mr. Tavknxer. How long have you lived in the city of Detroit?.'
Mr. Stein. Approximately 3 years, a little less.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your profession ?
Mr. Si^EiN. I am a teacher of pnysics.
Mr. Tavenner. At what institution?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5037
Mr. Stein. At Wayne University.
Mr. Ta\^enner. How long have you been a teacher at Wayne Uni-
versity ?
Mr. Steix. I think I am completing my third year.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your for-
mal educational training has been ?
Mr. Stein. Yes, I have a bachelor's degree in physics, a master of
science in physics, a master of arts in math. I think I have just about
-completed most of my work for my doctoral in physics.
Mr. Ta\t:nner. At what institution ?
Mr. Stein. I got my bachelor's at Queens College in New York.
Mr. Tavenner. Wlien ?
Mr. Stein. 1942. I got my M. S. in physics at Stanford, I think, in
1949 and my M. A. in math at University of Oregon, I believe 1950.
Mr. Ta\'enner. In order to facilitate our ascertainment of your
record of employment I hand you a photostatic copy of a personal
data sheet from Wayne University and ask you to identify it as yours,
if you will.
Mr. Stein. I have here a document in which my name appears.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you look at it and state whether or not it gives
the facts correctly on the second page regarding your former employ-
ment ?
Mr. Stein. I believe it essentially does except for perhaps part-time
work and work which perhaps was not relevant to my teaching position
here at Wayne for which this was an application, I understand.
Mr. Tavenner. I desire to introduce the document for identification
only and have it marked "Stein exhibit No. 1."
Mr. Clardy. It will be received.
(The photostatic copy of a personal data sheet from Wayne Uni-
versity marked "Stein exhibit No. 1" was received in evidence.)^
Mr. Tavenner. This document shows that the address given by you
at the time of your preparation of it, the date being September 7, 1951,
is 1017 Gilman, Berkeley 6, Calif. Was that your correct address at
that time ?
Mr. Stein. Yes, that was my correct address.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you live in an apartment house or a private
home at that address ?
Mr. Stein. I lived in a veterans' housing project then.
Mr. Tavenner. Did the housing project have any other descrip-
tion of your quarters other than just the number 1017? For instance,
did it have a letter, A, B, C, D, or what not ?
Mr. Stein. It might have. I have no remembrance. I couldn't
say one way or another.
Mr. Tavenner. You do not recall. How long were you in attend-
ance at school in Oregon ?
Mr. Stein. Approximately 1 year.
Mr. Taa^nner. A^^iere did you live at that time ? "What was your
address ?
Mr. Stein. I don't remember the address. I think it was something
like 27th or 28th Avenue or Street. I don't remember any more than
that. It was in Eugene, Oreg.
Mr. Ta^^nner. In Eugene, Oreg. ?
* Retained in committee files.
5038 COMIMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Stein, That is right.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you live in an apartment house or a private
home ?
Mr. Stein. I lived in a rented home. It was a house, a rented house,
rather.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you occupy it solely, or did you occupy it with
other people ?
Mr. Stein. I occupied it with my wife.
Mr. Ta\t:nner. Was there anyone else occupying the house besides
your own family ; that is, you and j^our wife ?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. I stated previously that I lived there Avith my wife, and
I think this is all — I feel that the committee has no autliority to
investigate into my personal life any more and decide who is living
with me, if anybody can live with me.
Mr. Tavenner. From whom did you rent the part of the house that
was being occupied by you ?
Mr. Stein. There is some inference here that there was only part
of the house that was-
Mr. Tavenner. Suppose you set us straight on it. That is what ]
am trying to get you to do.
Mr. Stein. My landlord and landlady — ; gain I don't remember
their names. They own the house. I don't r member who they were.
Mr. Moulder. How long did you reside at this house that is being
referred to in your testimony ?
Mr. Stein. I answered previously about 1 3 ear, sir.
Mr. Moulder. That was during what year?
Mr. Stein. I think it was 1949 to 1950, but I think you can check
in your records and verify that.
Mr. Moulder. And you state now that you don't remember the
name of your landlord from whom you rented a house for a full period
of 1 year ?
Mr. Stein. I am sorry.
Mr. Moulder. Approximately 4 years ago?
Mr. Stein. I am sorry; I truthfully and honestly do not remember
the name of the landlord.
Mr. Moulder. Did you pay the rent montlily ?
Mr. Stein. I imagine that was the method.
Mr. Tavenner. Did any other family occupy a part of the dwelling?
Mr. Stein. I think I have answered that, Counsel, by stating that
I don't feel that this committee has authority to delve into my personal
life or who I lived with.
Mr. Clardy. That is not an answer. Witness. That is merely argu-
ment why you shouldn't. Are you declining to answer? If so, the
Chair directs that you do so.
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. Will the Counsel please tell me in what manner this
question is pertinent to the hearing?
Mr. Clardy. Witness, answer the question. Do not argue with the
Counsel.
Mr. Stein. I am going to answer the question in the following
way
Mr. Clardy. You what?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5039
Mr. Stein. I am going to answer this question in the following
way: I, in all good faith, ask the question of the relevancy. The
relevancy was not made clear to me. Therefore, on the following
grounds I decline to answer this question: First of all, I feel that the
committee has no right to inquire into my personal life ; second of all,
I fear that by what is happening here right now that the committee
may compel me in some way to be a witness against myself, and there-
fore I decline to answer the question. I therefore use the fii-st and
the fifth amendments.
Mr. Clardy. You say you are apprehensive that you will be charged
with some criminal act if you do so answer ?
Mr. Stein. I have answered the question. I stand on my answer, sir.
INIr. Clardt. You have in effect said that you are apprehensive of a
criminal prosecution. If you are genuinely so, you might use the
fifth amendment.
Mr. Stein. I might make the point that there is no inference here
of guilt here and the Supreme Court has declared so.
Mr. Clardy. If there is any inference, it will be drawn by someone
else. Proceed, Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. In what business was the person engaged who occu-
pied part of the house with you ?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. The same answer, the same grounds, sir; there is an
inference made.
Mr. Clardy. You mean same declination to answer ?
Mr. Stein. That is right; I decline to answer on the same grounds.
Mr. ScHERER. Do you know, without specifying the type of business
this person was engaged in — do you know what type of business the
person was engaged?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. ]\Ir. Congressman, it seems that you are making a very
decided inference, an incorrect inference, to the answer I gave. I did
not state "Yes" or "No" to the question of whether or not anybody
was living in the house besides my wife and myself, and I am now
declining to answer this question on the same grounds as previousl}'^
stated.
Mr. Scherer. I ask that the witness be directed to answer the ques-
tion whether he has any knowledge of the type of business the indi-
vidual to which the counsel referred was engaged in.
Mr. Clardy. You are so directed.
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer on the grounds previously stated.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you from time to time or at any time assist
that individual in the p^erformance of any of his duties or work?
Mr. Stein. I would like to make the same objection and decline to
answer on the previously stated grounds.
Mr. Clardy. Counsel, I think mavbe it might be well at this time to
call attention to something else. The fifth amendment that is being
invoked, that part of it that applies, is very simple, and I think I will
call it to the witness' attention. The only part that can have any ap-
plication reads, "nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be
a witness against himself." Proceed.
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
5040 COMIVIUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Ta\tenner. Are you acquainted with a person by the name of
CarlSandell?
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer on the same grounds as previously
stated.
Mr. Clardt. Witness, have you ever heard the name of Carl Sandell
prior to the time that counsel mentioned it just now?
INIr. Stein. I decline to answer that question on the same grounds,
on all the grounds.
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any knowledge whatsoever concerning
the individual by that name?
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer the question on the same grounds,
for the same reasons.
JMr. ScHERER. Isn't it a fact you know he was the Communist Party
organizer ? ^ Isn't that a fact ?
Mr. Stein. I don't know what your purpose is in maligning whoever
you are maligning in this way. However, I decline to answer any
questions of such a nature on the grounds previously stated.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. And also on the grounds of the motion.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you at any time assist Carl Sandell in the per-
formance of the Communist Party organizational work?
Mr. Stein. Counsel, I would b-e very happy to assist the committee
in shortening the sessions. My answer to all questions of such a
nature shall be that I decline to answer on the grounds that I have
previously stated : and, if you wish, I will restate those grounds.
Mr. Scherer. Wait a minute ; you have made up your mind already
to refuse to answer on the ground of the fifth amendment any ques-
tions this committee is going to ask you?
Mr. Stein. I didn't say that. Congressman.
]Mr. Scherer, Along this line?
Mr. Stein. I have stated specifically here that I do not feel that
the committee has authority to investigate into my personal life, my
personal associations. I firmly believe that the first amendment and
the Bill of Rights prohibits you from asking questions like this. Fur-
thermore, I believe that because of the nature of the hearing here, the
type of questions asked, and the general history of the committee, I
have a reasonable fear of an entrapment into a possible unjustified
prosecution. I refuse to be compelled to be a witness against myself
in any criminal proceeding, and this is in the nature of a criminal
proceeding.
Mr. Clardy. You are apprehensive then that something in your
past may be revealed through a chain of circumstances if you answer
any of these questions; is that what you mean?
Mr. Stein. I refuse to let the chairman put words into my mouth.
Mr. Clardy. I am asking you, sir, and you may deny or affirm or
explain.
Mr. Stetn. I will stand on the answer previously given.
Mr. Clardy. Any further questions?
Mr. Scherer. No.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Counsel.
1 For the State of Oregon.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5041
Mr. Tavenner. I notice from the application for employment at
Wayne University that you give as your employment from June 1942
to February 1943 Signal Corps Eaclar Laboratory. What was the
nature of your employment there at the Signal Corps Radar Labora-
tory, and where was it ?
Mr. Clardy. I was going to say, let us establish first where that
was.
Mr. Stein. The installation where it was know^n as Camp Evans.
The post office address was Belmar, N. J.
Mr. Tavenner. What w^as the nature of your employment at that
time, 1942 to 1943?
Mr. Stein. I was hired, upon getting my bachelor of science degree,
as a junior physicist, and when I left, a period of 8 months later,
I was an assistant radio engineer. Although the titles w^ere dif-
ferent, my work was essentially of the same nature.
Mr. Clardy. The office title was Signal Corps Radar Laboratory?
Mr. Stein. I believe that was it, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Is that the one located at or near Fort Monmouth?
Mr. Stein. It is located near Fort Monmouth.
Mr. Clardy. It is the one commonly referred to in the newspapers
as the Fort Monmoutli Radar Laboratory, is it?
Mr. Stein. I would suggest that this be checked. I have no idea
what it is now. At that time the installation
Mr. Clardy. It is the only one in that vicinity.
Mr. Stein. May I finish, sir? At that time there was an installa-
tion called Fort Monmouth, and I at the time did not work at Fort
Monmouth.
Mr. Clardy. It is the only radar laboratory in the vicinity of Fort
Monmouth, isn't it, at the present time ?
Mr. Stein. There were a number of laboratories there. All I
know is I worked at the one located at Camp Evans, Belmar, N. J. If
there has been any change in identity, I am sure you probably know
that better than I do.
Mr. Clardy. We probably do.
Mr. Tavenner. Was it under the jurisdiction of the commanding
officer of Fort Monmouth ?
Mt. Stein. I don't believe so, but I couldn't say for sure.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a civilian employee ?
Mr. Stein. I was that, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the nature of your position?
Mr. Stein. I stated before, I was hired as a junior physicist and
went up one grade to assistant radio engineer. Does this answer
your question ?
Mr. Ta^^nner. Not fully. What was the character of the work
that you did ?
Mr. Stein. I believe I was attached to the patent section there,
which had the purpose of investigation the patentability of various
new developments in the work being done there. I was an as-
sistant^
Mr. Tavenner. Secret work or new work being done in what
field?
Mr. Stein. In radar.
Mr. Ta\'enner. In radar.
5042 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Stein. This was a radar installation. How secret the work
was, I could not say. I know it was classified, and I was an as-
sistant to a patent attorney, I was to advise him on the technical
matters involved.
Mr. ScHERER. All classified work is secret, isn't it?
Mr. Stein. I am not sure of the various types of words they
have to designate various types of secrecy. I know it was classi-
fied, and this is all I can say.
Mr. ScHERER. Classified means in substance secret, doesn't it?
Mr. Stein. I think I made my point, Mr. Congressman, that there
are various types of secrecy.
Mr. ScHERER. I understand there are various types of secrecy, but
with reference to the degree of secrecy it doesn't make any difference;
classified is secret. What degree it is is another question.
Mr. Stein. We understand each other now. That is right.
Mr. ScHERER. All right. What I said is correct, isn't it?
Mr. Tavenner. Did you sign and file a form 57 in connection with
your employment?
]\Ir. Stein. I signed the forms that were required of me for employ-
ment. This happened a period of 11 or 12 or so many years ago that I
do not remember exactly the nature of the form or what was con-
tained therein.
Mr. Clardy. Witness, have you not heard of the form No, 57 in con-
nection with Government business?
Mr. Stein. I may ; I may not have. As I said, this happened about
12 years ago.
Mr. Clardy. It is a common form and still in use. ]\Iy question is,
haven't you heard of the fact that there is a form 57?
Mr. Stein. If you tell me, I will believe you that there is a form 57.
Mr. Ci^\RDY. I am not telling you anything. I am asking you. Do
you know that ?
Mr. Stein. I have answered that.
Mr. Clardy. No, you have evaded answering. INIy question is, do
you know it or not. You either do or you do not. Let us hear.
Mr. Stein. Can I truthfully say that I am not sure if there is?
Mr. Clardy. Sure.
Mr. Stein. That I did sign a form, whatever its number was.
Mr. Clardy. I didn't ask whether you signed one. I am just asking
you whether you know there is such a form as No. 57?
Mr. Stein. I can't say I do know or don't know. All I know is tha*"-
when I made application, T signed some forms. Whether or not the
same type of forms exist todav I don't know.
INfr. Ci.ARDY. Very well. Proceed.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you recall wliether or not the form contained a
question relating to your then or prior membership in certain organiza-
tions?
Mr. Stein. I do not remember. I do not remember what the ques-
tions of that nature were.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee whether at the time that
you sicned the necessary forms for your employment at the Signal
Corps Radar Laboratory that you were a member of the Communist.
Party?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. Would the counsel please repeat the question?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5043
Mr. Clardt. Kead it, Miss Reporter.
(The question was read by the reporter as follows :)
Will you tell the committee whether at the time that you signed the necessary
forms for your employment at the Signal Corps Radar Laboratory that you were a
member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Stein. Well, I don't remember anything — I don't generally re-
member the questions on the form. I would rather that counsel please
rephrase the question.
Mr. Tavenner. I didn't ask you what you stated on the form be-
cause you said you didn't recall, so my question is whether or not at
the time that you signed and filed the papers that you did file in
connection with that employment you were actually a member of the
Communist Party ?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. Mr. Counsel, in view of the nature of the hearings and
the previous reasons stated, I decline to answer that question on the
grounds previously stated and also on the grounds of the motion
presented.
Mr. TA^^NNER. The application for employment at Wayne Uni-
versity filed by you shows that you were employed from 1943 to 1944
by the United States Army as a radar technician. Where did that
employment take place?
Mr. Stein. I was employed as a soldier. I was getting a soldier's
rate of pay. I don't think it is generally referred to as employment.
I was in the Army then.
Mr. Tavenner. You were not a civilian employee?
Mr. Stein. Yes. Would the counsel now please rephrase the ques-
tion ?
Mr. Clardt. W^itness, you were at least working even if you were a
soldier, weren't you?
Mr. Stein. I certainly was working when I was in the Army.
Mr. Clardt. You were working at the business that you have al-
ready described with some particular as a soldier?
Mr. Stein. Let me state this, that I did not work at that particular
occupation or Army specialty during the whole time I was in there
just because I had previous educational background in it. I think,
as most people know, sometimes in the Army you don't work at the
things that you supposedly were prepared for.
Mr. Scherer. Wliat Mr. Tavenner — —
Mr. Stein. May I finish?
Mr. Scherer. No, I am going to interrupt. Wliat Mr. Tavenner
read to you you put in the application when you took employment at
Wayne University.
Mr. Stein. I certainly did, and a good part of the time I did work
at that time.
Mr. Clardt. Will counsel ask the question again and we will get
an answer.
Mr. Tavenner. The only question was, where did you perform that
work ?
Mr. Stein. Perhaps I can clarify the situation by giving the coun-
sel— expand a little on that, may I ?
Mr. Clardt. Just answer first.
Mr. Tavenner. A little, not too much.
Mr. Stein. Just a little.
5044 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Clardy. The Chair has a little bit of control here, I hope. Wit-
ness, first answer the question directly with the name of the camp or
the location and then if you have some explanation, you may append
that.
Mr. Stein. Well, after I entered the Army I was sent first to a
radar school. Now there I got my training as a radar technician.
Mr. Clardy. That was where?
Mr. Stein. This was at Camp Murphy in Florida. I believe that
is the name.
JVIr. Clardy. All right. "What was the next step?
Mr. Stein, Then I was sent back to my regular outfit, which at
that time was stationed around Washington, D. C. However, I
recollect that for a period of time my work — my specialty at that time
was, I think, on the 80-millimeter gim, on the machinegun and other
things besides radar, for I don't know how long. I also served as a
particular type of clerk in the Army.
Mr. Clardy. Where?
Mr. Stein. Let me see. The Army sent me then down to Camp
Davis, N. C, I think.
Mr. ScHERER. What kind of clerical work did you do ?
Mr. Stein. It was battalion clerical work, checking the records of
men. This is about all I remember.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed.
Mr. Stein. This is about all. I don't remember exactly when I was
working as a radar technician and when I was shifted to other work.
It was on and off.
Mr. Clardy. We merely asked you the point. Counsel, will you go
ahead.
Mr, ScHERER. Let me ask one question. Were you a member of the
Communist Party during the time you were in the Army?
(At this point "Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. I think you know the answer to that, sir.
Mr. ScHERER. I think, I do, too; fifth amendment.
INIr. Stein. I have stated my reasons, and they are more complete
than what you have stated.
Mr. Clardy, Do I understand you are refusing to answer on the
grounds previously advanced?
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer on the previously stated grounds and
the whole grounds.
Mr, Clardy. We will record it in your way.
Mr. Stein. Thank you, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, counsel,
Mr. Tavenner. I notice that your application for employment is
dated September 7, 1951, and your address was 1017 Gilman, Berkeley,
Calif. Do you recall whether or not shortly prior to that time you
were active in an organization in Oakland or Berkeley entitled "Com-
mittee for the American Peace Crusade," and what the nature of
it was?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred Avith Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. I can restate the reasons if counsel would like, I think
it might bear restating since the counsel insists upon reasking the
question. However, I decline to answer this question on the grounds
previously stated.
COlSiMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5045
Mr. Tavenner. I hand you the July 11, 1951, issue of the Daily
People's World, and I call your attention to an article on the lef thand
margin entitled "East Bay Peace Delegates Plan Friday Report."
Will you examine it, please, and tell the committee what it is about?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Tavenner. Wlien I said tell the committee what it is about, I
meant tell the committee what knowledge you have of its activities.
Mr. Stein. Counsel, this is your exhibit. I suggest that you read
it. I certainly won't read it for you.
Mr. Clardy. Just a moment, just a moment. Do I understand cor-
rectly that you are refusing to comply with the request of counsel ?
Mr. Stein. The counsel asked me to read it. I looked at it, I don't
know if he wants me to read it aloud. If so, I don't feel that the
committee can compel me to read something aloud.
Mr. Tavenner. By "read it," I meant look at it. I think that is
quite obvious.
Mr. Clardy. You have read it ?
Mr. Stein. I have looked at it.
Mr. Clardy. That doesn't answer my question. You can look at
it without reading it. Have you read it ?
Mr. Stein. Am I compelled to read it ?
Mr. Clardy. Some questions may be based on it, and I want you
to be fully advised so you won't plead ignorance.
Mr. Stein. May I have it read to me ?
Mr. Clardy. No, you may look at it.
Mr. Stein. I have looked at it.
Mr. Clardy. Very well.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you look again, please, and state what address
is given at the bottom of the article as to the place where tickets may
be obtained for use at that meeting?
Mr. Stein. I think that the exhibit speaks for itself, counsel.
Mr. Tavi'^nner. What does it say?
Mr. Clardy. Let us not adopt that attitude. Answer the question
and read from that the address. You have been requested to do so.
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. Congressman, you have asked me, or I get the feeling
you are demanding that I read this, and if you demand, I decline to
read this on the grounds that you might be compelling me to be a
witness against myself.
Mr. Clardy. Have you read it so you understand what it says?
Mr. Stein. I have looked at it, and counsel, I think, has indicated
to me what he says is there.
Mr. Clardy. I have directed you to answer, and I do so again.
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer that question on the grounds previ-
ously stated.
Mr. Clardy. And have you informed yourself by reading it closely
enough so that you could have answered counsel's question had you
chosen to do so ?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Clardy. I want this record clear because at this point this
attitude of yours will leave me no alternative but to recommend a
contempt citation if you persist, and I am therefore advising you so
you will act in a calculated manner.
5046 COaiMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF IkllCHIGAN
Mr. Stein. I have read it to myself.
Mr. Clardy. You understand it ?
Mr. Stein. I understand it.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. But you are still refusing to answer ?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. I refuse to answer on the grounds previously stated.
Mr. Clardy. All right. Proceed, counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Is not the address given that of Berkeley, 1017-C
Gilman Street ?
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer that for the same reasons.
Mr. Tavenner. That is the same number given in your applica-
tion for employment at Wayne University and as your address at
Berkeley, is it not ?
Mr. Stein. The application speaks for itself, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. I desire to offer the issue of the Daily People's
World in evidence and ask that it be marked "Stein exhibit No. 2."
Mr. Clardy. It will be received.
(The issue of the Daily People's World marked "Stein exhibit
No, 2" was received in evidence.)^
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a subscriber to the Daily People's World?
Mr. Stein. Counsel, it seems to me that this is a highly improper
question since you are asking whether or not I have subscribed to a
certain newspaper here. I therefore decline to answer this on the
grounds of the first amendment and also on the fifth amendment.
Mr. ScHERER. You mean being a subscriber to a newspaper might
tend to incriminate you '?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. I stand on my answer.
Mr. Clardy. If I should ask you the same question as to whether
you read the Detroit News or Detroit Times or Detroit Free Press,
would you refuse to answer ?
Mr. Stein. I stand on my answer.
Mr. Clardy. You would refuse to answer that ?
Mr. Stein. I stand on my answer.
Mr. Clardy. I do ask you. Do you read any one of those papers?
Mr. Stein. I stand on my answer.
Mr. Clardy. What do you mean by that, that you are refusing to
answer on the grounds already given ?
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer that question on the grounds pre-
viously stated.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. I direct you to answer then.
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer that question on the grounds pre-
viously stated.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. Proceed, counsel.
Ml*. Tavenner. After coming to Detroit did you become a member
of the Wayne University chapter of the Detroit Federation of
Teachers?
Mr. Stein. I see no authority by which this or any other con-
gressional committee can investigate the union activities of any par-
ticular individual. I therefore, on both the first and fifth amend-
ments, decline to answer this question.
> Retained In committee files.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5047
Mr. Tavenner. Then I assume that you will answer no questions
involving any Communist Party activities within that group or any
methods used by the Communist Party in an effort to obtain a posi-
tion of influence and control in that group ?
Mr. Stein. Your assumption is correct and on the grounds stated.
Mr. Tavenner. Then, Mr. Chairman, I have no further questions
except this : Are you now a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Stein. I decline to answer that on the grounds previously
stated.
Mr. TA^^5NNER. Have you been a member of the Communist Party
any time since your discharge from the Army and the present time ?
Mr. Stein. Same answer, same grounds.
Mr. Tavenner. That is all, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardt. Any questions, gentlemen ?
Mr. Moulder. No, except to make an observation, that as I under-
stand, in response to the question propounded to you by Mr. Tavenner,
his assumption that you would refuse to answer questions concerning
certain activities carries with it the inference or at least a strong
inference of admission that you have knowledge of such activities.
Mr. Stein. No such inferences may be drawn. Congressman. No
such inference may be drawn at all. Congressman. I would like to
state that I feel that this committee is overstepping its bounds, that
certainly all congressional committees have the right to investigate.
However, I think that on the grounds of the motion that has been
submitted to you, my subpena should be quashed, and I think that the
type of questions asked here, the attempt to entrap people, is in viola-
tion of the Constitution of the United States.
Mr. Scherer. Are we overstepping our bounds when we ask whether
or not you are a member of the Communist Party today — after all
that has transpired and all we we know about the Communist
conspiracy in this country ? Are we overstepping our bounds in ask-
ing you that question ?
(At this point Mr. Stein conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Stein. There are plenty of laws to take care of the situation
without the committee asking questions
Mr. Scherer. You raised the question. I am asking you now
whether you say we are overstepping our bounds ?
Mr. Stein. I didn't raise any question. I made a statement here.
Mr. Scherer. You made a statement, all right.
Mr. Stein. That is right.
Mr. Scherer. I am asking you whether it applies to the question
as to your present party membership, whether we are overstepping
our bounds ?
JVIr. Stein. Yes ; I think you are overstepping your bounds.
Mr. Clardy. When we ask you whether you are a member of the
Communist conspiracy today?
Mr. Stein. You have made certain statements in the newspapers,
where the newspapers have quoted you
Mr. Clardy. No; you are in error, sir. You gentlemen who have
made the statement have impelled us to make some reply. There are
no further questions. The hearing will be adjourned until 1 : 30 this
afternoon. The witness is excused.
(Thereupon, at 12 noon, the hearing was recessed, to reconvene at
1 : 30 p. m. of the same day.)
5048 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF IVncfelGAN
AFTERNOON SESSION
(At the hour of 1 : 30 p. m, of Monday, May 3, 1954, the proceedings
were resinned with Representative Kit Clardy (acting chairman),
Gordon H. Scherer, and Morgan M. Moulder (appearance noted in
transcript) being present.)
Mr. Clardy. The committee will be in order. Are you ready to call
your next witness, Mr. Counsel?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Sidney W. Graber.
Mr. Clardy. Do you solemnly swear in the testimony you are about
to give to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God?
Mr. Graber. I do.
Mr. Clardy. Will the counsel please identify himself on the record ?
Mr. NoRRis. Yes; my name is Harold Norris, National Bank
Building.
Mr. Chairman, may I invoke the committee rule with regard to pic-
tures during the course of testimony ?
Mr. Clardy. Yes; I think I have given a general instruction, and
I ask you boys to refrain from taking flashlight pictures during the
progress of the testimony.
Before we begin this afternoon, my attention lias been called to
something that appeared in the press since we started this morning
that has caused some of the members of the teaching profession and
the union here to discuss the matter with me, and I think in fairness
and in justice I should repeat what I have been correctly quoted as
saying in the paper and emphasizing a little bit more so that there
will be no misunderstanding in anybody's mind, and there is no fault
to be found with the newspapers or anyone else. It just is one of those
things. I want to make it clear that merely because a few witnesses
in the teaching profession are called who may or may not be members
of the union to which the teachers belong is to have no significance
whatsoever. It is not intended in any way to be an attack upon the
union. It is, in fact, not an attack, and merely because some of the
witnesses called may belong to the union should not be construed as
any indication that the committee feels that the union is badly infil-
trated by Communists or under the control of Communists, because
that isn't the fact; we do not so believe, and it is rather confusing, of
course, to the public, to have individuals who are called to in effect
equate themselves with the union or with the whole teaching profes-
sion. In other words, some of them seek to draw about them the cloak
of the union unfairly and to cast aspersions upon the union when they
should not. I want to make it clear we are not in any way attacking
that union or any other union because it is our conviction that the
unions generally are not to be subjected to that attack if the facts in
the case are correctly and properly understood as we think we do.
Something that Mr. Tavenner said in making some inquiries has
been construed by some people to be an expression of an attitude on
our part. It was not so intended. I didn't so interpret it, but because
reasonable-minded people do, I wanted to nuxke this statement in
justice to everyone.
Now you may proceed, counsel.
COIvIMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5049
Mr. Tavennek. What is your name, please, sir ?
TESTIMONY OF SIDNEY W. GEABER, ACCOMPANIED BY HIS
COUNSEL, HAEOLD NOERIS
Mr. Graber. Sidney Graber. ,*• /^ i »
Mr. Tavenner. When and where were you born, Mr. (araber ?
Mr. Graber. November 1,1921, Detroit, Mich.
Mr. Tavenner. Where do you now reside, in Detroit ?
Mr. Graber. In Detroit.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your occupation or profession ?
Mr. Graber. I am a teacher of social studies.
Mr. Tavenner. In the public schools or in a university ?
Mr. Graber. In the public schools.
Mr. Tavenner. How long have you been engaged in teachmg ?
Mr. Graber. I was hired by the board of education of the city of
Detroit in September of 1947. Since that time I have been employed
there.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your for-
mal education training has been ?
Mr. Graber. I am a graduate of the Detroit public school system.
I entered Wayne University in September of 1939. 1 received a
bachelor of arts in education in September 1946 and a master of arts
in education in 1951, both from Wayne University.
Mr. Tavenner. Wliat has been your record of employment other
than that which you have given us ?
Mr. Graber. From when do you wish me to start ?
Mr. Tavenner. From when did you get your original training ?
Mr. Graber. I completed my high school education in January of
1939 whereupon I entered Wayne University and attended Wayne
until 1942, at which time I was, for economic reasons, forced to leave
school and take a job with the Chief of Ordnance, tank automotive
center, here in Detroit. I worked for this installation until April of
1944, at which time I was drafted into the Army. I served 19 months
overseas as a rifleman with the 141st Infantry Regiment, 36th Division.
Upon my release from the Army in May of 1946 I returned to Wayne
University, took 1 year of graduate work, which brought me up to
1947 and my present job.
Mr. Tavenner. While you were in attendance at Wayne University
did you affiliate with the youth group of the Communist Party on
the campus ?
Mr. Graber. I don't believe that my associations or affiliations are
any concern of this committee, protected by the first amendment of the
Constitution which guarantees the right of free speech and free
assembly. I don't think that I need answer that question.
Mr. Clardy. The Chair directs you to answer it.
(At this point Mr. Graber conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mr. Graber. I am going to, in addition to the reason already given
to this committee, respectfully decline to answer that question for
the following legal and constitutional reasons : I refuse to answer this
question by both the due process clause of the fifth amendment and the
sixth amendment to the Federal Constitution and also the fifth amend-
48861— 54— pt. 1 5
5050 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
ment privilege of the Constitution and the fact that a person is pre-
sumed innocent until proven guilty.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. I would like to find out, Mr. Graber, all the infor-
mation you have, if any, regarding a convention of the Communist
Party, a Michigan State Convention of the Communist Party held in
January 1948 at Yemans Hall. Were you present on that occasion
at that convention ?
Mr. Graber. I have already indicated to this committee that I will
not at any time discuss my afeliations or my associations at any time
under the reasons that I have already stated.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you acquainted with a person by the name of
Bereniece Baldwin ?
Mr. Gr^vber. I do not care to discuss any individual with this com-
mittee.
Mr. Clardy. The Chair directs that you answer that last question.
(At this point Mr. Graber conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mr. Graber. I refuse to answer that question on the basis of the
fifth amendment privilege.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you at any time receive a communication from
her addressed to you in any official capacity of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Graber. I refuse to answer that question on the basis of the
fifth amendment privilege.
Mr. Tavenner. The committee is informed that there was held on
March 27, 1949, at 2705 Joy Road in Detroit, a State conference of the
Communist Party. Did you attend it ?
Mr. Graber. Would you repeat that question, please ?
Mr. Clardy. Eead it, Miss Reporter.
(The question was read by the reporter as follows :)
The committee is informed that there was held on March 27, 1949, at 2705 Joy
Road in Detroit, a State conference of the Communist Party. Did you attend it?
Mr. Graber. Due to the conditions under which I testify, I am in-
voking the fifth amendment privilege.
Mr. ScHERER. Isn't it a fact that you did attend it. Witness ?
Mr. Graber. I have already given my answer, sir.
Mr. ScHERER. I ask that the witness be directed to answer that
question.
Mr. Clardy. The witness is so directed.
Mr. Graber. I am not clear as to what question is being asked of
me.
Mr. ScHERER. I said, isn't it a matter of fact that you did attend
the conference of the Communist Party to which Mr. Tavenner re-
ferred ? Isn't it a fact that you did ?
(At this point Mr. Graber conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mr. Graber. I rely on the fifth amendment privilege and note that
no inference may be drawn from the fact that I invoke that privilege.
Mr. Scherer. I draw an inference from it.
Mr. Graber. I am not at all concerned with what you may draw. I
would like to state, however, that this committee lives on inferences.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. The committee is advised that a State organiza-
tional conference of the Communist Party for the State of Michigan
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5051
was held on April 21 and 22, 1950, at 2705 Joy Koad. Do you know
anythinfT about the holding of such a conference ?
Mr. Graber. I believe that I have already indicated to the coun-
sel and to the committee that I was not going to discuss any associa-
tions that I might have had in the past. Unless I am being accused
of anything, I certainly think that this whole proceeding is improper.
Mr. Clardt. Witness, you will be asked questions as the committee
and its counsel deem proper.
Mr. Graber. I would say there are certain inferences that are being
drawn which are wholly
Mr. Clardy. Wait until I finish.
Mr. Graber. Improper.
Mr. Clardt. Be quiet, please, until I have concluded. You may be
impertinent if you wish, sir, but you do it at your own peril. May
I point out, we will not be directed by you as to what questions we
may ask. We will ask questions as we think proper, and you will
refrain from attempting to lecture the committee ; instead devote your
time— and it will be to better your own interests if you do so— to giving
us fair, frank, honest answers that any good loyal, American citizen
should.
Mr. Graber. I resent the impugning of my loyalty, sir.
Mr. Clardy. No further statements from you, sir. Will you pro-
ceed. Counsel, to ask a question.
Mr. Tavenxer. Yes, sir.
Did you participate in any manner in the conference that I just
referred to ?
Mr. Graber. Because I fear that this committee might involve me
in an unjustified prosecution, I invoke the fifth amendment privilege.
(Kepresentative Morgan M. Moulder entered the hearing room at
this point.)
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Graber. For the same reasons that I have already indicated, I
refuse to answer that question.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you ever been a member of the Communist
Party at any time in the past ?
Mr. Graber. I refuse to answer that question under the fifth amend-
ment privilege, as previous questions.
Mr. Tavenner. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any questions, Mr. Scherer ?
Mr. Scherer. I have no questions.
Mr. Clardy. Any questions?
Mr. Moulder. No questions.
Mr. Clardy. The witness is excused. Call your next witness.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Harold Kosen.
Mr. Field. May I file the same brief with the same result ?
Mr. Clardy. I have taken care of that. Will you hold up your
hand ? Do you solemnly swear in the testimony you are about to give
to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help
you God ?
Mr. EosEN. I do.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name, please, sir ?
5052 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
TESTIMONY OF HAROLD ROSEN, ACCOMPANIED BY HIS COUNSEL,
G. LESLIE FIELD
Mr, Rosen. Harold Rosen.
Mr. Tavenner, When and where were you born, Mr. Rosen ?
Mr. Rosen. February 15, 1913, in Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. TA^^NNER. Where do you now reside ?
Mr. Rosen. At 18251 Prairie, Detroit.
Mr. Tavenner, How long have you resided in Detroit ?
Mr. Rosen. I came to Detroit in the year of 1937.
Mr. Tavenner, What is your profession or occupation ?
Mr. Rosen. I have been a teacher with the board of education for
the last 17 years. At the present moment I am on sabbatical leave.
I took my sabbatical leave on July 1, 1953.
Mr. Clardy. Will you keep your voice a little higher, Witness ? It
is very difficult to hear.
Mr. Tavenner. How long has that sabbatical leave been in progress ?
Mr. Rosen. As far as myself is concerned, sir ?
Mr. Tavennner. Yes.
Mr. Rosen. I took my sabbatical leave as of July 1, 1953.
Mr. Tavenner. Where did you spend that period of time?
Mr. Rosen. Which period of time are you
Mr. Tavenner. While on leave?
Mr. Rosen. I have been engaged on a project of musical education.
I spent the time in the city of Detroit and doing some investigating
work on a certain musical project.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your edu-
cational training has been; that is, your formal educational training?
Mr. Rosen. I was graduated from the grade schools and high school
in Brooklyn. I received my bachelor of science at City College of
New York, and I received a master's degree from Teachers College,
Columbia.
Mr. Tavenner. When did you complete your work at Columbia ?
Mr. Rosen. In August of 1934 I received my master's degree.
Mr, Tavenner, Have you at any time been solicited to engage in
teaching of any character other than that which you have described ?
Mr. Rosen. You mean outside of teaching music ?
Mr. Tavenner. Outside of teaching in connection with your present
employment ?
Mr. Rosen. By whom?
Mr. Tavenner. My question is, Have you ever been solicited to
teach in any other capacity or by any other employer other than your
present employer and those with whom you may have been associated
during your sabbatical leave ?
Mr. Rosen. I haven't done any teaching during my sabbatical leave,
sir.
Mr. Tavenner. I understand. Do you understand my question?
Mr. Rosen. I don't understand your question.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you been solicited at any time in the past to
teach
Mr. Rosen. By "the past," what period are you referring to?
Mr. Tavenner. Prior to today, that is what I mean by "past." Have
you at any time prior to today been solicited to teach by anyone other
than in your present position, your present employment?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5053
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. To the best of my knowledge I have not been solicited
to teach anything other than the field I have been practicing in, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. I am not speaking of the field. I am speaking of
whether or not you have been solicited to teach by any other person or
organization other than the one by which you are now employed.
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field. )
Mr. Rosen. Do you mean teach in some other institution ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes.
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. I don't think I have, sir.
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. I might add this, sir, as far as teaching, I did do some
other teaching other than the board of education relative to work in
my field. Was that what you were interested in ? I can go back to a
period of time. Wliether I can point that out to you
Mr. Tavenner. Suppose you tell us about that.
Mr. Rosen. After I was graduated, received my master's degree, I
was unemployed, and then got a job working on the Works Progress
Administration in the city of New York, and I worked as a teacher
on the Federal music project with the Works Progress Administration
for a period of about a few years, I should say, until the spring of
Mr. Tavenner. That brought you up to the time when you came
to Detroit?
Mr. Rosen. That is correct ; after that period I came to Detroit in
August of 1937. I applied for a position of teaching with the board
of education. I was accepted, and I began to teach then in Septem-
ber of 1937.
Mr. Tavenner. At any time since you began your teaching career
in Detroit in 1937 have you had any request from the Michigan Labor
School to teach ?
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. Inasmuch as that question asks for a disclosure of my
private life and my associations, I will decline to answer this or simi-
lar questions. I do so on the ground that the first amendment to the
Constitution expressly prohibts Congress from legislating with re-
spect to free speech, press, and assembly. It follows that if Congi-ess
cannot legislate to abridge these rights, it cannot investigate in viola-
tion of these rights.
I also decline to answer this or similar questions on the grounds of
the fifth amendment.
(Representative Morgan M. Moulder left the hearing room at this
point. )
Mr. Clardy. Witness, are you acquainted with or do you have any
knowledge about the Michigan Labor School mentioned in Mr. Tav-
enner's last question ?
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Clardy. I am not asking you to tell me what the knowledge is ;
I am merely asking you, do you have any knowledge whatsoever
xibout it.
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question on the previous
grounds stated.
5054 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. ScHERER. You haven't declined to tell us about your activity^
with the WPA educational project in New York.
(At this point Mr. Kosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. That was an identifying question, sir. I was trying to
identify myself.
Mr. Clardy. I am identifying the Michigan Labor School and
merely asking you if you have any knowledge about it whatsoever.
I will tell you why I am asking you. You have declined to answer
the previous question, and I am endeavoring to discover whether
there was any solid basis for invoking the fifth amendment or whether
it has been done on a frivolous ground. Obviously if you have
no knowledge about the school, then your invocation of the fifth
amendment is not on solid ground. If you do have that knowledge
and so admit now, it is conceivable that you might have some ground
for refusing to answer the previous question.
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred w^th Mr. Field.)
Mr. Clardy. Now answer mine, please.
Mr. Rosen. I stand on my previous statement and decline to an-
swer.
Mr. Clardy. The chair then directs you to answer the question
he propounded to you a moment ago.
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. Same answer, sir.
Mr. ScHERER, Did you ever teach at the Michigan Labor School ?
Mr. Rosen. Same answer, sir, to the same question.
Mr. Clardy. It isn't an answer; it ^s a declination to answer.
That is what you mean, I take it?
Mr, Rosen. That is correct.
Mr. Clardy. On the grounds previously stated.
Mr. Rosen. That is correct.
Mr. Clardy. Which amounts primarily to the fifth amendment ?
Mr. Rosen. That is correct.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you participated in any State or national
convention of the Communist Party ?
Mr. ScHERER. Mr. Counsel, may I interrupt?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes, sir.
Mr. Scherer. Before we proceed any further, I think ,it should be
stated for the record what the Michigan Labor School is. Do you
have such information ?
Mr. Tavenner. The information is that it is a school operated by
the Communist Party or was.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed.
Mr. Tavenner. Do you recall the question ?
Mr. Rosen. No, I don't sir.
Mr. Clardy. Read it. Miss Reporter.
(The question was read by the reporter as follows :)
Have you participated in any State or national convention of the Communist
Party?
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer this question on the previously
stated grounds.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you become one of the vice presidents of the
Communist Political Association in 1945?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5055
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer this question on similar grounds,
and also on the grounds of the motion to squash my subpena.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. EosEN. I decline to answer that question on previously stated
grounds.
Mr. ScHERER. If you were not a member of the Communist Party,
would you so state ?
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question on previously stated
grounds.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a member of the Communist Party at any
time before coming to Detroit in 1937 ?
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question on previously stated
grounds.
Mr. Ta^^nner. Have you been a member of the Communist Party
.at any time since 1937 ?
Mr. Rosen. Same reasons.
Mr. Tavenner. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Any questions, Mr. Scherer ?
Mr. Scherer. No ; I have no questions.
Mr. Clardy. Witness, do you know anything about an organiza-
tion which was called the Civil Rights Federation ?
Mr. Rosen. Will you please state your question again, Mr. Chair-
man?
Mr. Clardy. Read it. Miss Reporter.
(The question was read by the reporter, as follows:)
Witness, do you know anything about an organization whicti was called the
Civil Rights Federation?
Mr, Rosen. I should like to state that any question concerning my
associations, my ideas, my beliefs, is not a proper question that this
committee has the right to ask, and I decline to answer that question
on previously stated gi'ounds.
Mr. Clardy. Is it not a fact that that organization held meetings
in your home at one time ?
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question on previously stated
grounds, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Are you acquainted with an organization known as
the Civil Rights Congress ?
Mr. Rosen. Same reasons, same answer, sir.
Mr. Clardy. That organization succeeded the one I first mentioned,
did it not ?
Mr. Rosen. Same reasons, same answer.
Mr. Clardy. Has that organization not held its meetings, at least
some of them, in your residence ?
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question on previously stated
grounds.
Mr. Clardy. You are acquainted with Carl Winter ?
Mr. Rosen. Any association I have, sir, any people I may know, is
not a proper question for this committee to ask, and I decline to answer
that question on previously stated grounds.
Mr. Scherer. I ask that you direct the witness to answer.
Mr. Clardy. Yes, Witness, I direct that you answer that question,
because you are not entitled to raise the fifth amendment when it is
merely a question of whether you know some other individual.
5056 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. I stand on the previously stated answer, sir.
Mr. Clardy. You are again refusing to answer then on the ground
stated ?
Mr. Rosen. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Isn't it the fact that some years ago you attended a
testimonial dinner for Carl Winter?
Mr. Rosen. Same answer, sir.
Mr. Scherer. And do you recall having traveled to Lansing last
year as one of a delegation going there on behalf of the Rosenbergs?
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. Same answer, same reason, sir.
Mr. Scherer. Wasn't that trip to Lansing directed by the Com-
munist Party?
Mr. Rosen. Same reason, same answer, sir.
Mr. Scherer. Do you know Sidney Graber who just testified?
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question, sir, on similarly
stated grounds.
Mr. Scherer. I ask that you direct the witness to answer that
question.
Mr. Clardy. I direct you to answer that question.
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question.
Mr. Scheher. Do you know any of the other witnesses who ap-
peared on the stand this morning ?
Mr. Rosen. I decline to answer that question on similar stated
grounds, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Have you ever attended any Communist meetings in
company with any of those who have thus far appeared before this
committee today ?
Mr. Rosen. Same answer, same reason, sir.
Mr. Scherer. Isn't it a fact that you have attended such meetings?
(At this point Mr. Rosen conferred with Mr. Field.)
Mr. Rosen. Same reason, same answer, sir.
(Representative Morgan M. Moulder returned to the hearing room
at this point.)
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any further questions ?
Mr. Scherer. No.
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any questions, Mr. Moulder?
Mr. Moulder. No questions.
Mr. Clardy. Counsel, do you have anything further?
Mr. Ta"\t:nner. I have no further questions.
Mr. Clardy. Witness excused. Call your next witness.
Mr. Tavenner. Thomas Ellis Bryant.
Mr. Clardy. Will you hold up your right hand. Do you solemnly
swear that the testimony you are about to give will be the truih,
the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr, Bryant. I do.
Mr. Clardy. I see you have an attorney. Will you identify your-
self, Counsel?
Mr. Probe. My name is Bernard Probe, with office in the National
Bank Building, Detroit, Mich.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name, please sir?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5057
TESTIMONY OF TOM ELLIS BKYANT, ACCOMPANIED BY HIS
COUNSEL. BERNARD PROBE
Mr. Bkyant. Tom Bryant.
Mr. Tavennbr. Do you have a middle name ?
Mr. Bryant. Tom Ellis Bryant.
Mr. Tavenner. When and where were you born, Mr. Bryant ?
Mr. Bryant. I was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., on December 10, 1913.
Mr. Tavenner. Where do you now reside ?
Mr. Bryant. In Garden City, Mich.
Mr. Tavenner. How long have you lived in Garden City, Mich.?
Mr. Bryant. Approximately 4 years.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your profession or occupation ?
Mr. Bryant. I am a transportation man, a traffic man.
Mr. Clardy. In that connection your last employment was here in
Detroit with the association?
Mr. Bryant. I worked for the Motor Carrier Central Freight As-
sociation for about — well, over 7 years, and I was discharged in Jan-
uary of this year after I had advised my employer that I had received
a subpena. I thought it was the ethical thing to do.
Mr. Clardy. Well, it was after you had further advised them that
under no circumstance would you cooperate with the committee and
testify; is that not the fact?
Mr. Bryant. I told them that I would not become an informer, yes,
sir.
Mr. Clardy. Well, you told them that you would not appear before
us and answer any questions that we might propound to you.
Mr. Bryant. I told them that I would not be an informer, sir.
Mr. Clardy. They told you if you would appear before the comniit-
^ ee and would answer its questions tmthf ully and fairly, they would
retain you on the payroll, didn't they?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. I have already given my answer to that, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Answer my last question. Now I direct you to do so.
(At this point ]SIr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Will you repeat the question, sir?
Mr. Clardy. Yes, 1 will put it in a little different language. I say,
Isn't it a fact that at the last conference 3^ou had with your employers
that they told you that if you would cooperate with this committee and
answer questions that were put to you fairly, frankly, and honestly,
that you could come back to work the next morning and would be re-
rained on the payroll ; otherwise you need not report?
Mr. Bryant. 'Well, I had advised them that it was my opinion that
the activities of this particular committee were very much like that of
the McCarthy committee, and I thought they were undemocratic, and
lhai.,J^ could not in any way cooperate or assist or encourage methods
i)f inquisition.
Mr. Clardy. My question had to do with what they stated to you, so
you will not leave an unfair inference.
Mr. Bryant. They disagreed with that position.
Mr. Clardy. They stated in substance to you what was embodied in
my question, didn't they ?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
48861— 54— pt. 1 6
5058 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Brtant. I advised my employers that I-
Mr. Clardy. I am not asking yon about what you advised them.
I am merely asking what they told you.
Mr. Bryant. I advised them I was going to rely strictly on my legal
rights, and when I advised them of that position, they disagreed with
me.
Mr. Clardy. They stated in substance what I have told you, didn't
they ^
Mr. Bryant. That is my understanding as I have given it to you,
sir. If there are other inferences you wish to draw
Mr. Clardy. I am not drawing any inference. I am asking it as
a matter of fact ■
Mr. Bryant. I have given you the situation to the best of my ability
and as I saw it.
Mr. Clardy. I must differ with you because you certainly must have
recollection of the conferences, the several conferences, tliat yon had.
I have been fully advised on it, Witness, because as you know, I have
been interested before I went to Congress in the transportation field,
and I have acquaintance with all of the people who employ you, and
I know the full details of what took place because I was advised, and
I am trying to do you a service in asking you if they did not say that
you had great ability in that field and that they would be pleased to
keep you on the payroll subject only to your being a good American
citizen and cooperating with this committee and answering its ques-
tions.
Is that not the substance of what they told you ?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Mr. Clardy, I feel that I am just as good an American
as you or anybody else. I think I am a very good American.
Mr. Clardy. We haven't made any charge otherwise. We are giv-
ing you an opportunity to demonstrate that you are, though.
Mr. Bryant. I advised my employer that I was going to rely on
my legal rights, on the freedoms and liberties spelled out in the Bill
of Rights. I am not a trained man. I can't bandy about these free-
doms and liberties, but they are there. Democracy is a way of life
with me. I told them I was going to stand on the basis of those legal
rights and the Bill of Rights as I felt them.
Mr. Clardy. You are trying apparently to leave an inference that
you were improperly discharged, and I think you are doing your
employeis an injustice. I want to make it perfectly plain that I don't
so regard it, and I want you to understand that in my judgment you
were the sole judge of whether you should remain on a rather lucrative
job or not and that you chose to sever the connection rather than being
fired for some improper reason. If you don't care to go into it
further, all right.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
INIr. Clardy. Will you proceed, Mr. Counsel ?
Mr. Tavenner. The counsel is informed
Mr. Bryant. Just a minute, Mr. Tavenner, if you please.
Mr. Clardy. You don't care enough to answer my question, so I
am instructing him to go forward.
Mr. Bryant. I would like to answer the question in my own way.
Mr. Clardy. I didn't ask you a question. I made a statement.
Proceed, Counsel.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5059
Mr. Bryant. I didn't finish answering the question.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed.
Mr. Bryant. I would like to continue.
Mr. Clardy. You may not continue.
Mr. Bryant. Do you wish to withdraw the question ?
Mr. Clardy. There will be a question propounded to you, and you
will be given an opportunity to answer.
Mr. Bryant. Do you wish to withdraw the question ?
Mr. Clardy. There is no question pending.
Mr. Ta\\enner. The committee is advised that there was a conven-
tion ■
Mr. Bryant. I am not through answering the question, sir.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Tavenner (continuing). By the Civil Rights Congress of
Michigan and July 16, 1951. Will you tell the committee, please, what
knowledge you have of that convention, if any ?
Mr. Bryant. Mr. Tavenner, I am sorrj^, but I haven't finished that
previous question. I was fired because I stood on my constitutional
rights.
Mr. Clardy, Proceed witli your question, Mr. Tavenner.
Mr. Bryant. T didn't get your second question.
Mr. Clardy. Read it. Miss Reporter.
(The question was read by the reporter as follows :)
The committee is advised that there was a convention by the Civil Rights
Congress of Michigan on June 16, 1951. Will you tell the committee, please,
what knowledge you have of that convention, if any?
(At this point IMr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Well, Mr. Tavenner, I am not going to answ^er any
questions which pertain to my associations, my religious or political
beliefs, what I read, what I think, my freedom of speech, and I rely
on all of the privileges and rights spelled out for myself and all the
people in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, 1 through 10.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Ta\^nner. Are you acquainted with Bereniece Baldwin?
Mr. Bryant. I decline to answer that question on the grounds pre-
viously stated.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a member of and chairman of the South-
field Club of the Communist Party of Michigan during the whole or
part of the years 1945 and 1946 ?
Mr. Bryant. Mr. Tavenner, haven't I made it clear that I am going
to decline to answer any questions regarding my associations, my
political beliefs, my religious beliefs, what I read, freedom of thought,
and so forth, and have stipulated my grounds for doing so?
Mr. Clardy. Witness, you may have done so, but the questions
nevertheless will be propounded as counsel and the committee feel
necessary. You will be under pain of answering each one separately
as they are put to you.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. I decline to answer the question.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Bryant. I decline to answer the question for the same reasons.
Mr. Tavenner. A'VHien did you first come to the State of Michigan
to make your home here ?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
5060 COMlSrUNIST activities in the state of MICHIGAN
Mr. Bryant. Sir, is that question relevant to the proceedings of this
committee ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes, sir ; it is.
Mr. Bryant. Then I refuse to answer that question.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please — Mr. Chairman,
I think that is a question he should be directed to answer.
Mr. Clardy. I can't hear you.
Mr. Tavenner. It is my suggestion he be directed to answer the
question as to when he first came to the State of Michigan to make his
residence here.
Mr. Clardy. I quite agree. The witness is so directed.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. I decline on the previous grounds stated.
Mr. Scherer. How could that possibly incriminate j^ou?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Well, I don't know just in what manner in which it
may or may not be pertinent, sir. You are in here asking the questions,
and you have told me that it is going to be relevant to the proceedings
of this committee. You have told me so. Now, in what way or what
manner, I don't know.
Mr. Clardy. Then you do not know the basis upon whicli you have
invoked the fifth amendment if I understand what you are saying.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. I am invoking the privilege under the fifth amend-
ment, gentlemen, and you may draw any inferences you may see fit.
Mr. Clardy. We are not drawing any inferences ; we are merely al-
lowing you to either answer or not as you see fit. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your edu-
cational training has been, what is your formal educational training ?
Mr. Bryant. I am a gradute of the public schools of Cleveland,
Ohio. I attended Western Reserve University, the downtown college,
Cleveland College, in 1931 and 1932. Other than that I have had cor-
respondence courses such as LaSalle Traffic Management.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a resident of Cleveland for any period
of time after the completion of your work there, your scholastic work?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Yes, as I indicated previously, my family and I moved
to Detroit some 10 years ago.
Mr. Tavenner. That would be about 1944 2
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Yes ; that is right.
Mr. Tavenner. How were you employed at the time that you moved
to Michigan ?
Mr. Bryant. I was transferred by the Fisher Body Division of Gen-
eral Motors Corp. from Cleveland, Ohio, to Detroit, Mich.
Mr. Tavenner. And you have been employed— —
Mr. Bryant. I was working in the plant there, and I was transferred
to the home office of Fisher Body here in Detroit.
Mr. Tavenner. Wliere you have been employed since that time ?
Mr. Bryant. No, no.
Mr. Tavenner. That was the Fisher Body?
Mr. Bryant. Fisher Body.
Mr. Tavenner. How long did vou remain employed bv the Fisher
Body?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 506 1
Mr. Brtaxt. Approximately 4 years.
Mr. Tavenner. That would bring you up to about 1948.
Mr. Bryant. Well, as Mr. Clardy previously indicated, I spent some-
what over 7 years with the Motor Carriers Central Freight Association.
Mr. ScHERER. Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardt. Yes.
Mr. Scherer. Isn't it a fact, Mr. Bryant, that in the year 1947 you
were issued a Communist Party registration card for the year 1948
numbered 71942 ?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Well, Mr. Chairman, I decline to answer that question
on the grounds that I previously indicated. I thought I made it clear
that I do not believe in the methods of inquisition into political beliefs,
association of
Mr. Scherer. The Communist Party is not a political party. It is a
criminal conspiracy.
Mr. Bryant. May I finish ?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. And I don't think it is either proper or in true Ameri-
can tradition, true American style and fairness, to make inferences and
try to embarrass people.
Mr. Clardy. Have you concluded ?
Mr. Bryant. Yes.
Mr. Clardy. Well, witness, you were asked the question that would
have enabled you to have told all the world that you were not at the
date indicated a member of the Commimist conspiracy. I don't want
you going forth from this hearing room today and saying that you
were denied a full, free, fair opportmiity to deny such connections.
That has been done all too frequently. You have been asked a fair
question that if you could give a truthful answer when you say you
did not hold such card to have utterly denied and prevented any
implication.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Clardy. You do not choose to do so ?
Mr. Bryant. Mr. Clardy, I don't think it is necessary for me to get
down on my knees and say that I am not a member of this organization
or I am a member of that organization, not in the American
Mr. Scherer. We are only asking you now about one organization.
Mr. Bryant. You know, gentlemen, that you have no business pry-
ing into anybody's personal associations.
Mr. Clardy. Then you object to the Congress of the United State?
investigating the Communist conspiracy that threatens death to all
freedom that we have.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Clardy. If that is your position, that is so. If you persist in
it, you cannot blame us if we draw the conclusion that you are lining
up on the other side, the wrong side.
Mr. Bryant. That was not my answer ; that was not my intention.
Mr. Clardy. If you will answer the question, sir, you can destroy
and prevent any improper inference. At any rate you have, as I
understand it, refused to answer and invoke the fifth amendment, is
that correct ?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. I didn't quite put it that way, gentlemen, but
5062 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Clardy. Are you invoking the fifth amendment ?
Mr. Bryant. I decline for tlie reasons previously stated.
Mr. Clardy. I am asking you pointblank in this particular instance,
are you declining on the basis of the fifth amendment, whether you
have any other grounds or not because that is the only one we recog-
nize, and I want to be sure that you protect yourself.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. I am declining on the basis of all my rights, including
my privileges under the fifth amendment.
Mr. Clardy. Thank you. Now will you proceed, Mr. Counsel ?
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Bryant. I decline for the previous reasons.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you ever been a member of the Communist
Party ?
Mr. Bryant. I decline for the previous reasons.
Mr. Tavenner. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Any questions, Mr. Scherer ?
Mr. Scherer. I have no questions.
Mr. Clardy. Any questions, Mr. Moulder?
Mr. Moulder. Yes. Are you or have you ever served in any branch
of the armed services?
Mr. Bryant. No, I have not.
Mr. Moulder. Are you a member of any church ?
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. Mr. Moulder, I thought I made that clear, too, when
I indicated that I did not believe that my personal associations, my
political, or religious beliefs are involved at all.
Mr. Moulder. Well, referring to your political affiliation, are you
a member of any political party or do you consider yourself to be afhili-
ated with any political party ?
Mr. Bryant. I decline to answer that question for the reasons previ-
ously given.
Mr. Moulder. Well, do you believe in or are you a member of any
organization w^hich believes in the overthrow and destruction of our
present form of government by force and violence ?
Mr. Bryant. I believe, sir, in our Constitution. I uphold the Con-
stitution and the Bill of Rights, and I believe I am protecting the
Constitution and the Bill of Rights by my behavior here today, sir.
Mr. Clardy. You did not answer the question. Now, will you read
the question. Miss Reporter, so I may direct him to answer.
The question was read by the reporter as follows :
Well, do you believe in or are you a membor of any organization which be-
lieves in the overthrow and destruction of our present form of government by
force and violence?
Mr. Clardy. You are directed to answer that question.
(At this point Mr. Bryant conferred with Mr. Probe.)
Mr. Bryant. I decline to answer the question on the grounds pre-
viously stated.
Mr. MouiJ>ER. Just one more question. A moment ago you declined
to answer questions of whether or not you are now or ever have been
a member of the Communist Party. I want to ask you this question :
Are you a member of the Ku Klux Klan?
Mr. Bryant. I decline to answer that question for the same reason.
Mr. Moulder. That is all.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5063
Mr. Clardt. Any further questions, Mr. Counsel ?
Mr. Tavenner. No, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Witness excused.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. George Miller, will you come forward, please.
Mr. Clardy. Hold up your hand. Do you solemnly swear in the
testimony you are about to give to tell the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Miller. I do.
Mr. Clardy. I see you are accompanied by counsel. Will counsel
identify himself for the record.
Mr. Anbender. I am Larry H. Anbender. I read your regulations
and fully intend to abide by them. I have one point, however, that
I think
Mr. Clardy. If you have a motion, you may put it in writing to us.
Mr. Anbender. It isn't a motion, it is that the subpena which was
served is signed by Harold Velde, dated October 21, 1954, which is
virtually an impossibility; therefore, we appear here ynder protest
and raise the question of the validity of the subpena. So if you will
rule that this is invalid, we will be glad to walk out. I offer this to
your
Mr. Clardy. Your document may be filed with us, and we will pro-
ceed.
Mr. Anbender. Second, Your Honor
Mr. Clardy. I shall not entertain any further argument. You and
I may have a discussion of! the record, but you have read the rules,
and you know I cannot violate them. I am under injunction of the
whole committee and I cannot do so.
Mr. Anbender. We then answer these questions under protest as to
validity.
Mr. Clardy. The witness may so state if he wishes, and you may
consult with him as to language if you haven't already done so.
(At this point Mr, Miller conferred with Mr. Anbender.)
Mr. Clardy. Your first name is George?
-to^
TESTIMONY OF GEORGE MILLER, ACCOMPANIED BY HIS COUNSEL,
LARRY H. ANBENDER
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name ?
Mr. Miller. Before I testify I would like to say I am testifying
under protest because of what my counsel has already said plus the
fact the subpena issued to me last October — there have l^een a number
of extensions on it, and my counsel advises me that he feels that the
life of the subpena has been used up already. In other words, the
thing has been held over my head for over 6 months, and the question
arises how long can you hold a subpena over someone's head.
Mr. Clardy. Witness, I do want to apologize, although no apology
is really called for. When we attempted to go forward last fall, as
you know, the Federal court had before it the trial of the six Com-
munists who have since been convicted. Out of consultations with
the judge and with the attorney for the Government I decided that it
would be possibly advisable to postpone the liearings, and I did so in
the liope they would be over in a hurry, and then nature took care
of me and sent me to the hospital for a period of months, and I am
even now in the middle of a little recuperation. I hope that that
5064 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
explanation will satisfy yon and the fact that we were not deliberately
trying to hold a sword of Damocles over your head these months. We
wonld have liked to have had them out of the way last fall, but fate
decreed otherwise. Will you proceed, counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Wlien and where were you born, Mr. Miller ?
Mr. Miller. I would be glad to give this information to the com-
mittee in private for fear that if I do, it Avill here be used as a means
of identification.
Mr. Clardy. Witness, do you mean that in all seriousness you are
objecting on some ground to telling us the date of your birth? You
are obviously born. I se^ you sitting here. All we want is the date.
Mr. Miller. Well, if I have the assurance by the committee that
it will not be used as a link in the chain for later identifying some
George Miller, I will be glad to tell you when I was born and where.
Mr. Clardy. George who?
Mr. Miller. INIiller.
Mr. Clardy. I thought you said something else.
Mr. Miller. No, Miller.
Mr. Clardy. The committee isn't given to making deals with any-
body anytime for any purpose, and I direct you now to answer that
question.
(At this point Mr. Miller conferred with Mr. Anbender.)
Mr. MiLi^ER. Would you repeat the question, please?
Mr. Clardy. Read the question. Miss Reporter.
(The question was read by the reporter as follows: "AVhen and
where were you born, Mr. Miller?")
Mr. Miller. I was born in Detroit, Mich., October 24, 1922.
Mr. Ta\'enner. What is your profession or occupation?
(At this point Mr. Miller conferred with Mr. Anbender.)
Mr. Scpierer. May I call to the attention of counsel that it is coun-
sel's prerogative to discuss with his client his constitutional rights.
I don't know why we need this extended conversation for the witness
to answer what his occupation is.
Mr. Ci^\rdy. No; I think I should, for the benefit of the counsel
here and the others who will subsequently appear, advise you that
while counsel may advise the witness on his constitutional rights,
he obviously has no right either here or in court, as you know, to
answer the question for the witness. He may only advise him on
his constitutional rights. I think I need not tell you that in a Federal
court, such as may hold forth in this room, if counsel attempted to
tell a witness how to answer a question he would be cited for contempt
so quick it would make his head swim. I am going to assume you
have not been doing anj^hing improper, but I suggest that it would
be much better if he would be allowed to answer questions that are
as simple as that when a constitutional question can hardly be
involved.
Mr. AxBERDER. That is correct, Mr. Congressman, except —
Mr. Clardy. I am not reflecting on you at all, sir. I don't want it
to appear that I am, but I am saying that generally.
Mr. Anbexder. I understand. I would like to make this observa-
tion, however, if I may.
Mr. Clardy. Yes; I will permit that.
Ml-. Anbender. I have had difficulty trying to reconcile the cases
and what the Supreme Court has held to be a sensitive area and
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5065
what tlie Supreme Court has held not to be. I have advised the
client that he can refuse to answer questions, those questions which
may tend to incriminate him. "Wlien he gets to the bridge is up to
him to decide, but once he crosses the bridge, the Court has held in
a number of cases that unconsciously a witness has found that he has
lost his privilege of waiver.
Mr. Clardy. We shall not try to entrap the witness.
Mr. Anbender. Thank you very much, Mr. Clardy.
Mr. Moulder. I take the position and I want the record to show,
the witness is entitled to consult with his counsel anj'- time he wishes,
Mr. Anbender. Thank you.
Mr. Clardy. So long as the counsel, however, does not put the
ansAver in his mouth.
Mr. Mouldp:r. Because you are at enough disadvantage as it is.
Mr. Anbender. How true. May I, please, ask the Chair to have the
re))orter read the question?
Mr. Clardy. It might be well,
(At this point Mr. Miller conferred with Mr. Anbender,)
(The question was read by the reporter as follows :)
What is your profession or occupation?
Mr. Miller. Is that present or past?
Mr. Taat:nner. Xow, present.
Mr. Miller. Right now ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes.
Mr. Miller. What am I doing for a living right now?
Mr. Tavenner. Not what you are doing today, but what is your
present occupation?
Mr. Miller. Painter.
Mr. Tavenner. What other occupation have you had?
Mr. Miller. I was a teacher.
Mr. Tavenner. Where, in Detroit ?
Mr. Miller. No ; not in Detroit.
Mr. Clardy. You were employed at Clarkston, Mich., were you not?
Mr. Miller. For a little better than 2 years.
Mr. Tavenner. During what period of time ?
Mr. Miller. I will answer that question, but I assume that I haven't
waived my right to invoke the fifth amendment later on. I taught
school at Clarkston, Mich., from the fall of 1951 to, I believe, it was
October 1953.
Mr. Clardy. Speak a little louder, witness.
Mr. Miller. I taught school at Clarkston, Mich., from the fall of
1951 to last October.
Mr. Tavenner. How were you employed prior to 1951 ?
Mr. MiLi^ER. I will answer that question, too, on the basis that I
am not waiving my right to invoke the fifth amendment or any other
amendments that are to protect my rights. I was employed as a school
teacher in Tucson, Ariz.
Mr. Tavenner. What period of time was it that you taught school
in Tucson, Ariz.?
Mr. Miller. I will answer that question, too, but I would like to
make it clear that I will continue to answer these questions as long
as I am sure that I haven't waived my right of the fifth ameudment
5066 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
and also tliat I haven't crossed the bridge that the counsel has told me
about. The question is when did I teach in Arizona, is that correct?
]Mr. Tavennee. Over what period of time did you teach and when 'i
Mr. Miller. That was January 1948 through May 1051.
Mr. Tavenner. Wliat was your employment prior to January 1948?
Mr. Miller. I believe that I was a student prior to that.
Mv. Tavexner. Will you tell the committee what your educational
training was in brief; that is, your formal education?
]Mr. Miller. I will answer that as long as this is not used later on as
identification of some George Miller that you may have discussed here.
You mean public school as well as college ?
Mr. Tavenner. I am not concerned with the public school.
Mr. Miller. All right. My university training was taken at the
University of Arizona.
Mr. Tavenner. And you completed your training there during
what year?
Mr. Miller. I started in 1940, went away in the service in 1943
and came back in 1946 and finished my B. A. in 1947 and my master's
in 1952.
Mr. Moulder. When did you say you were in service ?
Mr. Miller. From June 1943 through November 1945.
]Mr. Moulder. In what branch of the service ?
Mr. Miller. United States Marine Corps, infantry, overseas 23
months out of 29, wounded in battle, received the Purple Pleart.
Mr. Moulder. Did you say the Army ?
Mr. Miller. Marine Corps. There is a diiference.
Mr. Moulder. Served in what area ?
Mr. Miller. Pacific, Second Marine Division, Browning automatic
rifleman.
]Mr. Moulder. Wounded in service ?
Mr. Miller. Yes ; received the Purple Heart.
Mr. Moulder. When were you discharged ?
Mr. Miller. In November of 1945 at Great Lakes.
Mr. Moulder. Are you married ?
Mr. Miller. Yes.
Mr. Moulder. Children ?
Mr. Miller. Two.
Mr. Tavenner. You suggested several times during your testimony
the possibility of confusion with some other George Miller. What
did you have in mind ?
(At this point Mr. Miller conferred with INIr. Anbender.)
Mr. Miller. Well, this question of identification, that was what I
was speaking about.
Mr. Tavenner. Well, let us have your street address so there will
be no confusion about the matter of identity.
(At this point Mr. Miller conferred with Mr. Anbender.)
Mr. Miller. I would be glad to give my street address in private,
for fear of economic reprisals. In other words, I am not trying to
keep that information from you, but I feel if I give it here it will
result in economic reprisals as well as possibly others to me and my
family.
Mr. Anbender. Mr. Tavenner, he will write it and hand it to you,
his name and full address, but
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5067
]Mr. Clardy. Pardon me, counsel. Witness, do I understand that
on one hand you are tellings us you are apprehensive that some George
Miller may be named in public and confused with yoi; and yet you
do not want the public to know your address so that the other George
Miller, if such should be identiiied, may state a different address and
prevent that confusion? Obviously if we have a deep, dark secret
here as to where you live, the public is bound to be confused if what
you are talking about should come about. I think I shall direct you
to answer that question.
(At this point Mr. Miller conferred with Mr. Anbender.)
Mr. Miller. Because of what has happened in the past. I ask the
committee to be able to give this address on a sheet of paper and
hand it to you. However, if you demand that I give you this ad-
dress, under contempt charges, I have no other alternative than to
give it to you.
Mr. Clardy. I have directed you to answer, so please do so.
Mr. Miller. 2710 Florence Drive, Tucson, Ariz.
Mr. Clardy. How long have you resided there ?
Mr. Miller. The last time?
Mr. Clardy, Continuously since the last time you moved there.
Mr. Miller. Well, I moved there last November.
Mr. Clardy. I see. That was shortly after your resignation at
Clarkston; is that correct?
Mr. Miller. Yes, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. TA\'EN]srER. While you were living in Arizona in 1948, did you
engage in any work, the purpose of which was to raise funds for the
Dai]y People's World?
(At this point Mr. Miller conferred with Mr. Anbender.)
Mr. Miller. I decline to answer that question based on the first,
amendment, the fifth amendment, and any other amendments or provi-
sions of the Constitution that afford me protection.
Mr. Tavexner. Do you know that the part that the Communist
newspaper organ plays in the Communist Party is a very important
one?
Mr. Miller. I refuse to answer that question based on the first or
fifth amendment or any other amendments or provisions of the Con-
stitution that afford me protection.
Mr. Moulder. Are you asking him his opinion ?
Mr. Tavenner. No, sir; his knowledge. You are unwilling to give
the committee any information within your knowledge regarding the
raising of funds for the Daily People's World?
Mr. Miller. I give the same answer as before, sir.
Mr. Clardy. You are declining to answer on the grounds stated ?
Mr. Miller. Of the first and fifth amendment or any other provi-
sions or amendments of th.e Constitution which afford me protection.
Mr. Ta\T5nner. At tlie time you were holding your position as a
teacher in the State of Michigan, were you affiliated in any way with
the Communist Party ?
Mr. Miller. I refuse to answer that question on the same basis as
the others, first and fifth amendment and any other amendments or
provisions of the Constitution.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you not advise your superintendent that you
had been a member of the Communist Party ?
5068 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Miller. I refuse to answer that question, sir. on the basis of
the first and fifth amendments and any other amendments or provi-
sions of the Constitution that afford me protection.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Miller. I refuse to answer that question, sir, on the same basis.
Mr. Tavenner. I have no further questions, INlr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Any questions, Mr. Scherer ?
Mr. Scherer. No.
Mr. Clardt. Mr. Moulder, do you have any questions?
Mr. Moulder. Yes; not a question, I want to make a comment. I
regret that you don't see fit to give a more direct reply to questions
that have been propounded to you by Mr. Tavenner, but also I firmly
believe that any witness who comes before the committee, even though
represented by counsel who under the rules of the committee is not
permitted to ask you questions which might reflect favorably on you
after interrogation which has an unfavorable reflection upon you,
therefore I want to pursue further questions as to your service for your
country in the Marine Corps. Do you wish to tell how you were
wounded and of your decorations and the extent of your service and
as to whether or not you received an honorable discharge and those
things which would reflect favorably to you ?
Mr. Miller. I prefer not to, if you don't mind. If you demand it
of me, I will do it. I mean, it is an open book. There is nothing
hidden about it.
Mr. Moulder. All right.
Mr. Clardt. Mr. Miller, one aspect of this disturbs me because of
the information that we have. I understand that you told the super-
intendent at Clarkston that, while at one time you had been a mem-
ber of the party, you were not such at that time. Now, in justice to
yourself, if that is the fact, can you not see that a statement of that
kind now would be extremely helpful to you, and will you not tell
me if that is not the fact ?
Mr. Miller. Mr. Clardy, I refuse to answer that question on the
basis of the first and fifth amendment and any other amendments or
, provisions of the Constitution which afford me protection.
Mr. Clardt. Well, will you deny that the conversation I described
took place ?
Mr. Miller. I refuse to answer that question, sir, on the basis I have
already given.
Mr. Clardt. There is something disturbing on the other side of
the ledger that I want to call to your attention. You were teaching
at a school with the name of the Amphitheater School?
Mr. Miller. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Clardt. That is in Tucson, Ariz. ; is that right ?
Mr. Miller. Yes, sir.
Mr. Clardt. And before you came to Clarkston we understand that
you were teaching fourth-graders, among others?
Mr. Miller. Your information, sir, is very incorrect.
Mr. Clardt. All right; then what grade were you teaching?
Mr. Miller. Eleventh and twelfth grade.
Mr. Clardt. My memory isn't as good as I thought it was on that
score, but at any rate I remembered the school. Did you then, at the
time you were teaching that grade, whatever it may be at that par-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5069
ticular school in Tucson, attempt to indoctrinate your pupils with the
Marxist-Communist doctrine and theory?
Mr. Miller. I refuse to answer that question, sir, on the same basis
that I refused the others.
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any further question, Mr. Counsel?
Mr. Taa^nner. No further questions, jNIr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Very well. The witness is excused, and we will have a
5-minute recess, and it will be just 5 minutes, too.
(Whereupon, at 2 : 45 p. m., the hearing was recessed, to reconvene
at 2 :50 p.m.)
(Whereupon, at 2: 55 p. m., the hearing was reconvened.)
Mr. Clardy. The committee will be in session. Call your next wit-
ness, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Bolza Baxter, please.
Mr. Henry. Mv. Chairman
Mr. Clardy. Your name is not Baxter.
Mr. Henry. I am Mr. Henry. I represent him.
Mr. Clardy. Never mind, Counsel.
Mr. Henry. But Mr. Chairman
(Note. — At this point, despite repeated attempts by the chairman to silence
him, Mr. Henry persisted in shouting aloud the contents of a document. The
chairman tried to maintain order and was finally compelled to have Mr. Henry
escorted from the room. )
Mr. Clardy. Marshal, will you escort this man from the hearing
room right now.
Mr. Henry. I am glad to go because I am not going to participate
in a fraud where I am supposed to represent this man before this com-
mittee, and if I am going to represent him, I will.
Mr. Clardy. We will have no more of that. You put on enough
show in Judge Picard's court, and you are not going to here.
Mr. Henry. That has nothing to do with this man's rights, and you
are depriving him of counsel.
Mv. Clardy. Mr. Baxter, do you desire to go forward
Mr. Baxter. Mr, Clardy
Mr. Clardy. Pardon me ; let me finish. Do you desire to go for-
ward at this time without this counsel, or do you desire time to select
another counsel ?
Mr. Baxter. I am submitting to you
JNIr. Clardy. Never mind ; answer my question.
Mr. Baxter. I am going to answer your question if you give me a
minute.
Mr, Clardy, You will answer it directly first, please.
Mr, Baxter. I will answer in my way. I have submitted to you
Mr. Clardy. Answer the question. Do you desire to go forward,
because if you do not, the matter will be suspended until you obtain
other counsel.
Mr. Baxter. I am going to answer the question. I have put in a
special appearance to raise jurisdictional objections to the procedure
and the subpena issued me, and I will not proceed until I am permitted
to have my counsel, and I also insist on my right to state my legal
objections to the entire proceeding.
Mr. Clardy. The committee will be in recess.
(Whereupon, at 2 : 55 p. m., the hearing was recessed.)
5070 COIMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
("\Miereiipon at 2 : 57 p. m., the hearing was reconvened.)
Mr. ( 'i.AKDY. The committee will be in session.
Mr. Baxter. I would like to ask a question.
Mr. Clardy. Mr. Counsel, call your next witness.
Your subpena will be continued, and you will be called at a later
date.
Mr. Baxter. All right, thank you,
Mr. Ta\t.nner. Mrs. Blanche Northwood, please, will you come
forward ?
Mr. Clardy. Will you hold up your right hand? Do you solemnly
swear in the testimony you are about to give to tell the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mrs. Northwood. I do.
Mr. Clardy. I see you are accompanied by counsel. Will counsel
please identify himself ?
Mr. NoRRis. My name is Harold Norris, National Bank Building,
Detroit.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your name, please?
TESTIMONY OF BLANCHE NOKTHWOOD, ACCOMPANIED BY HER
COUNSEL, HAROLD NORRIS
Mrs. Northwood. My name is Blanche Northwood.
Mr. Tavenner. That is your married name, is it not ?
Mrs. Northwood. This is my proper name.
Mr. Tavenner. What was your maiden name, please ?
Mrs. Northwood. My name was Wang.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you spell it, please?
Mrs. Northwood. W-a-n-g.
Mr. Tavenner. Where were you born, Mrs. Northwood?
Mrs. Northwood. In Chicago, 111.
Mr. Tavenner, Where do you now reside ?
Mrs. Northwood. In Detroit, Mich.
Mr. Tavenner. How long have you lived in Detroit?
Mrs. Northwood. I have lived in Detroit, I believe, since 1947.
Mr. Tavenner. Prior to that time where did you reside?
Mrs. Northwood. I resided in St. Louis, Mo.
Mr. Tavenner. For how long a period of time?
Mrs. Northwood. Approximately 5 years.
Mr. Tavenner. That would mean from 1942 until approximately
1947?
]\Irs. Northwood. Yes.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell us where you resided prior to 1942?
Mrs. Northwood. I lived in Washington, D. C.
Mr. Tavenner. How long were you a resident of Washington, D. C. ?
Mrs. Northwood. I believe from the spring of 1935 until around
1942.
Mr. Tavenner. Prior to 1935 where did you reside?
Mrs. Northwood. I lived in Chicago.
Mr. Tavenner. You went to Washington from Chicago.
Mrs. Northwood. That is right.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committee, please, what your em-
ployment was in Washington, D. C, from 1935 to 1942?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5071
Mrs, NoRTHWOOD. I worked in various governmental agencies.
Mr. Tavenner. In what capacity?
Mrs. NoRTHWooD. As a stenographer and secretary.
Mr. Tavexner. In what governmental agencies were you eniployed?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. In the Department of Interior, the Navy Depart-
ment, and Department of Agriculture.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you break that do^vn as to years, please?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. If I can. From 1935 until about the middle of
1938, I believe, I was in the Department of Interior, and I don't know
the exact date that I came to the Navy, but it was, I believe, in 1938,
and I stayed there about 9 months, and from then on I was employed
in the United States Department of Agriculture until I left Wash-
ington.
Mr. Tavenner. What was the nature of your employment in St.
Louis, which began, as I understand, in 1942 and extended until 1947?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. I was employed as a clerk-stenographer, I be-
lieve.
Mr. Tavenner. By whom?
IMrs. NoRTHWooD. By United States Department of Agriculture,
Rural Electrification Administration.
Mr. Tavenner. How have you been employed since your arrival
in Detroit since 1947?
JMrs. NopTHAvooD. I don't recall any prior employment to my pres-
ent except ])ossibly part time.
Mr. Tavenner. What is your present employment^
Mrs. NoR'siiwooD. I am a teacher.
Mr. Tavenner. Is that iu the ]uiblic school system or private school?
Mrs. North WOOD. In the public school system of River Rouge.
Mr. Tavenner. How long have you been teaching there ?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. I believe I am completing my fourth year.
Mr. Moulder. Teaching where ? I didn't hear.
Mrs. NoRTHWooD. In the public school sj^stem of River Rouge.
Mr. Tavenner. What age children do you teach ? In other words,
what grade or class?
Mrs. NoRTiiwooD. Tliird and fourth grades generally.
Mr. Tavenner. Prior to that 4-year period what was your occupa-
tion in Detroit?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. I don't recall that I had any occupation except
part time.
Mr. Ta\^nner. What was the nature of your part time employment ?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. I teach social dancing or have tauglit it.
]\Ir. Tavenner. Did you engage in any other work for compensation
during that period of time ?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. Occasional typing jobs that I could find.
Mr. Tavenner. Any other work besides that ?
Mrs. NoRTiiwooD. None that I can recall, sir, at this moment.
Mr. Tavenner. Where have you resided since you became a resident
of Detroit?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. I have lived on Charlotte.
Mr. Tavenner. What address, please?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. I don't recall the exact address, and 1 or 2 other
places for a temporary length of time.
Mr. Tavenner. What other places have you lived ?
5072 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mrs. NoRTHWooD. I lived once, I tliink 2 times, on West Grand
Boulevard. The addresses I don't recall.
Mr. Ta\^enner. Will you give me the name of that street again,
please ?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. Wliich is it are you referring to ?
Mr. Tavenner. The last one you mentioned.
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. West Grand Boulevard.
Mr. Tavenner. I assume that you were required to file a personnel
affidavit during the period of time that you worked for United States
Government, did you not ?
Mrs. NoRTHWooD. I presume, if it was required, I completed it.
Mr. Tavenner. I hand you a personnel affidavit under date of May
15, 1941. It is a photostatic copy, purportedly signed by Blanche
Wang, under date of June 3, 1941. Will you examine it, please, and
state whether or not you have prepared such an affidavit ?
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. What is your question, sir?
Mr. Tavenner. I asked you if you will identify that as an affidavit
prepared by you ?
Mrs. Northwood. I see the affidavit.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you recognize your signature?
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. Sir, it is my understanding that no person need
testify against oneself. Therefore I rely on the provisions of the first
amendment, the due process of the fifth and sixth amendments and
fifth amendment privileges.
Mr. Tavenner. Well, I understand you, but I cannot understand
why you are taking that position with reference to this affidavit. Pos-
sibly you didn't examine it carefully. It is an affidavit in which you
stated that you do not advocate and that you are not a member of an
organization that advocates the overthrow of the Government of the
United States by force or violence.
Now, how could the execution of that affidavit bring about the
things that you have ascertained ?
Mrs. Northwood. I have reasonable fear of undue prosecution.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. Chairman, I desire to offer the affidavit in evi-
dence and ask that it be marked Northwood Exhibit No. 1.
Mr. Moulder. Of course the witness hasn't identified it, as I under-
stand it. Did you examine this exhibit that was handed to you by the
counsel ?
Mrs. Northwood. I looked at the document.
Mr. Moulder. Is it a true and correct photostatic copy of the affi-
davit which you signed on the 15th day of May 1941 in connection with
your employment with the United States Department of Agriculture?
Mrs. Northwood. The same answer, sir.
Mr. Clardy. You mean you are declining to answer ?
Mrs. Northwood. For the reasons that I have given I refuse to
answer this question.
Mr. Clardy. You are declining to answer?
Mrs. Northwood. I decline to answer this question for the reasons
Just stated.
Mr. Clardy. The exhibit will be received.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5073
(The affidavit of May 15, 1941 marked Nortliwood Exhibit No. 1 was
received in evidence.)^
Mr. Tavenner, The date is in 1941. Was any question raised sub-
sequent to that time ?
In fact, on June 9, 1942, wasn't a hearing granted you by the Secre-
tary of Agricuh.ure regarding a loyalty matter?
(At this point Mrs. North wood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. NoRTHWooD. Mr. Tavenner, I decline to answer that question
under the provisions stated before.
Mr. Tavenner. Weren't you given a clearance by the Department of
Agriculture ?
(At this jDoint Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I refuse for the same reasons.
Mr. Tavenner. During the course of the hearing were you asked the
following questions to which you gave the indicated replies :
Question. Are you a member of the Young Communist League?
Answer. No.
Question. Are 5'ou a member of the Communist Party?
Answer. No.
Question. Were you ever a member of either organization?
Answe:b. No.
Were those questions asked and those answers made by you ?
Mrs. Northwood. I decline to answer that question, sir, for the
reasons just stated.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you at any time prior to the date of this
hearing on July 9, 1942, a member of the Yomig Communist League?
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. The same answer, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you at any time prior to July 9, 1942, a
member of the Communist Party ?
Mrs. Northwood. I shall use the same answer.
Mr. Tavenner. While in St. Louis as an employee of Rural Elec-
trification, REA I believe you said it was, did you engage in any
course of training other than that connected with your work in the
RE A?
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I shall refuse to answer that question, sir, for the
same reasons given.
Mr. Tavenner. On your arrival in Detroit where did you first
make your home?
Mrs. Northwood. I believe I made my home with my — on Char-
lotte Street, as I explained to you.
Mr. Tavenner. What was your occupation during the period of
time you lived on Charlotte Street?
Mrs. Northwood. I was a student, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Wliere?
Mrs. Northwood. Wayne University.
Mr. Tavenner. Who was the owner of the home in which you
lived ?
Mrs. Northwood. I don't recall the homeowner.
Mr. Moulder. May I ask
Mr. Tavenner. Yes, sir.
* Retained in committee files.
48861 — 54 — pt. 1 7
5074 COIMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Moulder. How lonff did you live at that residence?
Mrs. XoRTnwooD. I guess it was about a year.
Mr. Moulder. Did you pay rent?
Mrs. XoRTHWOOD. Yes, I
Mr. Moulder. To wliom did you pay the rent ?
Mrs. XoRTHWOOD. To my former mother-in-hxw.
Mr. Moulder. Who is she; what is her name?
Mrs. NoRTHWooD, She is deceased.
Mr. Moulder. I say, what was her name ?
Mrs. NoRTiiwooD. Her name was Mrs. Northwood.
]\Ir. Moulder. Did she ow^n the property ?
Mrs. Northwood. No, she did not.
Mr. Moulder. Did she act as an agent for the owner ?
Mrs. Northwood. No, she did not.
Mv. Moulder. Do you know to whom she gave the money?
jNlrs. NoRTHw^ooD. I do not.
Mr. Moulder. Did you ever see the person that owned the property,
the person from whom you Avere renting ?
Mrs. Northwood. ]\Iy mother-in-law was the renter. I merely
lived in her home.
Mr. Moulder. Did the person who owned the property ever come
there to make an inspection of the property?
]\Irs. Northwood. I don't recall.
Mr. Moulder. How long ago was that ?
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred Avith Mr. Norris.)
JVIrs. Northwood. Will you repeat your question, sir? I am not
sure I- —
Mr. Moulder. How long ago was it when you were residing there
and when you lived there for a period of a year?
Mrs. Northwood. When I first came to Detroit, which was in the
early part of 1947, that year.
Mr. Moulder. You lived there for a period of 1 year and never did
see the owner of the property ?
Mrs. Northwood. I sublet from my mother-in-law who was the
tenant, and it was a large apartment building. I didn't know who
owned the building.
Mr. Moulder. I see.
Mr. Tavenner. What is the next residence that vou took up in
Detroit?
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I believe the next subse(iuent address was pos-
sibly one on Hancock.
Mr. Tavenxer. How long did you reside there?
Mrs. Northwood. I am not sure whether it was a year or less.
Mr. Tavenxer. AVhat was the next residential place that you
occupied?
Mrs. Northwood. It was an address on West Grand Boidevard.
Mr. Tavenxer. Who lived at that address? Whose home was it?
• (At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I will refuse to answer that question, sir, under
the provisions that I have described before.
Mr. ScHERER. Mr. Chairman, I ask that the witness be directed to
answer the question.
Mr. Clardy. The witness is so directed.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5075
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I rely on the fifth amendment privilege.
Mr. Tavenner. How long did you reside there ?
Mrs. Northwood. I don't recall.
Mr. Tavenner. Well, was it a matter of months or a matter of
years ?
Mrs. Northwood. It was probably less than a year.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you acquainted with Mr. James Montgomery ?
Mrs. Northwood. I think it is improper to ask of my associates,
and I have no intentions of identifying innocent victims. I refuse
to answer for the reasons just given.
Mr. Clardt. I direct you to answer, and I want to point out that
if the people are innocent as you refer to, no harm can come to them
if you so indicate that they are innocent, but the protection of the
fifth amendment does not extend to permitting you to refuse to give
to this committee the names of persons with whom you are acquainted.
That only extends to protecting you from incriminating yourself in
a criminal proceeding.
Proceed.
Mr. TA^'ENNER. Did you — —
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mr. Tavenner. Excuse me,
Mr. Norris. I understood there was a direction.
Mr. Clardy. I directed her to answer.
Mr. Tavenner. Pardon me.
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I rely on the fifth amendment privilege which is
for the innocent.
Mr. Clardy. I didn't hear the tail end of that.
Mrs. Northwood. I say I rely on the fifth amendment privilege
which is for the innocent.
Mr. Clady. Proceed.
Mr. Moulder. Mr. Tavenner, may I suggest that you identify who
James Montgomery was ? Was that the first name ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes, sir.
Mr. Moulder. Further identify him as to who he is, so that he may
not be confused with some other person and also so that the question
might be clear to her as to whom you are referring to.
Mr. Tavenner. Yes. sir; I will do that during the course of my
(]uestions, and I think that will make it perfectly plain.
Mr. Moulder. All right.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you live in the home of Mr. James Montgomery
during any of the period of time that you lived in Detroit?
( At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris. )
Mrs. Northwood. I refuse to answer for the reasons given, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Is Mr. James Montgomery the husband of Dr.
Marian E, Zonnis?
Mrs. Northwood. Again I think this is improper inquiry into my
personal associates, if such, and I refuse to answer for the reasons
given.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you not live in the home of Mr. James Mont-
gomery and Dr. Marian E. Zonnis?
Mrs! Northwood. Sir ; I thought I made it very clear
5076 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Tavenner. I hadn't finished my question — as an employee
takino- care of a child or children ?
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I refuse to answer, sir.
Mr. ScHERER. Wasn't it the fact that both the doctor and her hus-
band were members of the Communist Party and you knew them to
be such ?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. Again I consider this an improper question con-
cerning possible associations of mine, and I therefore decline to answer
for the reasons already stated.
Mr. Clardy, I think, Mr. Counsel, at this point I should interject
this remark, tliat anyone, who may be named by any of the witnesses
who appear before us who desires to be heard by the committee and
to make any statement or give any testimony that he or she may wisli
concerning the subject of the inquiry before us, is extended an invita-
tion to do so, and if they will contact the committee, they will be given
the opportunity to appear.
Will you proceed, Mr. Counsel.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you not give Dr. INIarian E. Zonnis as a refer-
ence when you sought employment at Wayne University, or rather,
when you Avere seeking j'our teacher's certificate at Wayne University ?
Mrs. Northwood. I decline to ansAver that question, sir.
Mr. Taatenner. Are j^ou aware that at any time a meeting of the
Communist Party Avas held in the home of James Montgomery while
you were there?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. I decline to ansAver that question for the same
reasons.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you been a member of any club of the Com-
munist Party in the city of Detroit since you came here in 1947 ?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. I refuse to answer that question.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a member of a professional club or group
of the Communist Party in St. Louis prior to your coming to Detroit?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. This is the same kind of question, and I refuse
to answer for the reasons just given.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you attend a training institute conducted by
the Communist Party in St. Louis ?
Mrs. Northwood. Again, sir, I refuse to ansAver that question.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you acquainted with Mrs. Marie Bascom?
Mrs. Northwood. I refuse to answer that question for the reasons
already stated.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you give Mrs. Marie Bascom as a reference
when you sought your tcaclier's certificate at Wayne University?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. Same ansAver for the same reasons.
Mr. Scih:rer. Do you knoAV Avhere Mrs. Bascom is now ?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. I decline to answer that question.
Mr. Scherer. Do you knoAv whether she is in INIexico ?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. I decline to ansAver the question.
Mr. Clardy. Were you advised of the fact that the committee sought
to serve subpenas on both her and her husband for this proceeding?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. The same ansAver, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you now a member of the Communist Party?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. The same ansAver, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you a member of the Communist Party at any
time while you were employed in the city of Washington by the
Interior Department, the Navy, and the Department of Agriculture?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5077
Mrs. NoRTHWOOD, I decline to answer that question for the reasons so
many times given.
Mr. Moulder. When was your employment terminated with the
Government ?
Mrs. North WOOD. Will you repeat the question, please, sir?
Mr. Moulder. When did your employment cease; that is, your
employment with the Government which Mr. Tavenner asked you
about ?
Mrs. Northwood. I believe it was in the early part of 1945. I termi-
nated the Government service.
Mr. Moulder. What did you say ?
Mrs. Northwood. I terminated the Government service.
Mr. Moulder. What department were you then employed by ?
Mrs. Northwood. Department of Agriculture.
Mr. Moulder. Do you mean you voluntarily resigned ?
Mrs. Northwood. I resigned.
Mr. Moulder. You weren't requested to resign ?
Mrs. Northwood. I resigned, sir.
Mr. Moulder. Well, were you
Mr. Clardy. That is not the answer to the question.
Mr. Moulder. Were you requested to resign ?
Mrs. Northwood. I was not requested to resign.
Mr. Moulder. Then, as I understand, you voluntarily resigned?
Mrs. Northwood. That is right.
Mr. Scherer. While you were working for the United States Gov-
ernment, Joseph Forer at one time was your immediate supervisor,
was he not ?
Mrs. Northwood. I refuse to answer the question.
Mr. Scherer. On your application, dated November 5, 1941, you
listed Joseph Forer as your immediate superior ; isn't that right?
Mrs. Northwood. I decline to answer that question, sir.
Mr. Scherer. Do you know where Joseph Forer is today ?
Mrs. Northwood. Same answer.
Mr. Scherer. I have no further questions.
Mr. Tavenner. I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any questions ?
Mr. Moulder. Yes. Mr. Tavenner, who are the Bascoms, for the
record ? Can you give any information concerning them, as to who
they are.
Mr. Tavenner. Mr. and Mrs. Bascom were individuals that the
committee sought to subpena and was unsucessful, and I think dur-
ing the course of the hearing evidence will be introduced to further
identify them. I doubt that I should attempt to do it from memory.
Mr. Moulder. I see. As to your educational background, did you
say that you were educated at Northwestern Univesrity ?
Mrs. Northwood. I took one course at Northwestern University
many years ago.
Mr. Moulder. And then what was your main school ?
Mrs. Northwood. St. Louis University and then Wayne University.
Mr. Moulder. You never attended Harris Teachers College?
Mrs. Northwood. Oh, yes ; for one course, too.
Mr. Moulder. Is that in St. Louis?
Mrs. Northw^ood. Yes, sir.
5078 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. ScHERER. Witness, when you applied for your teacher's cer-
tificate in tlie State of Michigan didn't you give Marie Bascom as
a reference?
Mrs. NoRTHWOOD. I decline to answer that question for the reasons
already given.
Mr. ScriERER. How could that possibly incriminate you if you gave
this woman as a reference at the time you applied for a teacher's
certificate ?
Mrs. NoRTHAVOOD. I must rely on my constitutional rights and not
b-e. a witness against myself.
Mr. ScHERER. I have nothing fvirther.
Mr. Clardy, Witness, in the affidavit which was filed you took an
oath that you were not a member of an organization which advocated
the overtthrow of the United States Government by force and vio-
lence. I want to ask you as of now, today, whether or not you are
a member of an organization that advocates the overthrow of this
Government by the use of force and violence.
Mrs. NoRTiiwooD. Mr. Clardy, I refuse to answer that question for
the reasons already given.
Mr. Clardy. When you answered in the affidavit, did you state the
truth as you knew it at that time ?
Mrs. NoRTHWOOD. I have stated my reasons, sir, and I have the same
answer.
Mr. Clardy. You mean you are declining to answer on the grounds
stated?
Mrs. NoRTHWOOD. I decline to answer, yes, sir, for the reasons given.
Mr. Clardy. Are you at all familiar with the policies and the doc-
trines and the practices of the Communist Party ?
Mrs. NoRTHWOOD. Again I must say that I refuse to answer this
question.
Mr. Clardy. You are refusing to answer that ?
Mrs. Nortpiwood. I refuse to answer it.
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any knowledge as to whether or not the
Communist Party does advocate the overthrow of this Government
through the use of force and violence ?
Mrs. Northwood. I may have a monotonous recital of the same
answer, but that is my answer. I refuse to answer this question.
Mr. ScHERER. I think she should be directed to answer that question.
Mr. Clardy. That is what I was turning over in my mind. I think
I will. I direct that you answer that last question.
(At this point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. Northwood. I refuse to answer the question, sir, for the rea-
sons already stated.
Mr. Clardy. The name of Joseph Forer was brought in by Congress-
man Sclierer. Is this Joseph Forer an attorney ?
Mr. Tavenner. Yes, sir.
Mr. Cl^vrdy. I was addressing that to counsel. I should have so
stated. Do you (addressing witness) know what position he occupied
at that time? I understand he was your superior. "Wliat position
in tlie Department of Agricidture did he then occupy?
Mrs. Northwood. Sir, this is concerning any possible personal asso-
ciates. I cannot answer this question.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5079
Mr. SciiERER. You listed him in your application.
Mr. Clardy. That is right.
Mr. ScHERER. As your immediate superior.
Mrs. NoRTiiwooD. I refuse to answer that question.
Mr. ScHERER. That is already a matter of public record.
Mr. Clardy. I must direct you to answer that question because I can
see no possible incrimination for you to tell me something that is
already in a public record. I want you to tell it to us so that it may be
properly recorded. What was his position ?
(At tills point Mrs. Northwood conferred with Mr. Norris.)
Mrs. NoRTHWOOD. I refuse to answer the question, sir.
Mr. ScHERER. When did you last see Joseph Forer?
Mrs. NoRTHWOOD. I refuse to answer that question also.
Mr. ScHERER. I ask that you direct the witness to answer that ques-
tion.
Mr. Clardy. I so direct.
Mrs. NoRTHWooD. Again I must refuse to answer the question for
the reasons already given.
Mr. Clardy. Were you a member of the Communist Party at the
time you were employed in the Department of Agriculture ?
Mrs. NoRTHwooD. By now I thought you might know my answer.
It is the same.
Mr. Clardy. We may, but we must ask the question.
Mrs. NoRTiiwooD. All right. I refuse to answer that question, sir.
Mr. Clardy. Do you have any further questions, Mr. Counsel?
Mr. Tavenner. No further questions, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Clardy. The witness is excused.
If you newspaper photographers will sit down for a moment, I
have an announcement to make. You needn't be so alert at this
moment. Due to the fact that counsel for the witness we called im-
mediately preceding this one attempted to in effect take over the
proceedings as he did in Federal court when he argued before Judge
Picard for the dismissal or quashing of this proceeding, it became
necessary for the Chair to postpone the appearance of the witness
because we want him to obtain counsel, even though the counsel that
he brought in did improperly attempt to violate the rules, and he
well knew that he was doing so, and it was obviously done for the
purpose of creating precisely the kind of scene that occurred. It will
not be tolerated by anybody anytime as long as I am presiding in this
chair, but because of the fact that it was necessary to take the action
that his actions called for, our timing as to the number of witnesses
is a trifle off today, and the other witnesses that have been subpenaed
for tomorrow will appear at the appointed time tomorrow, but it is
my understanding there are no others on call for today. Am I right,
Mr. Appell — and I am told that those who are under subpena were
told — and if they have not been they will be now — to appear either
this afternoon or tomorrow at 9 : 30 tomorrow morning and in view
of the fact that Mr. Appell tells me that at least one— there may be
more— were specifically told by him to appear in the afternoon.
Those who were so advised will appear in the afternoon. Otherwise
all the rest will appear at 9 : 30 tomorrow morning.
5080 COIVIMUXIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mr. Counsel, do you have anything more to say before we adjourn
for the day ?
Mr. Tavenner. Nothing more at this time.
Mr. Clardy. Any suggestions from members of the subcommittee ?
Very well, then, the proceedings stand adjourned until 9 : 30 tomor-
row morning.
(Whereupon, at 3 : 40 p. m., the hearing recessed to 9 : 30 a. m.,
Tuesday, May 4, 1954.)
INYESTrnxlTION OF COMMUNIST ACTIYITIES IN THE
STATE or MICHIGAN— PAET 1
(Detroit— Edu cation)
TUESDAY, MAY 4, 1954
United States House of Eepresentath^es,
Subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities,
Detroit^ Mich.
executinte session
The subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities met,
pursuant to call, at 1 : 32 p. m., in room 855, Federal Building, Hon.
Kit Clardy presiding.
Committee members present : Kepresentatives Kit Clardy and Gor-
don H. Scherer (appearance noted in transcript) .
Staff members present : Frank S. Tavenner, Jr., counsel; Donald T.
Appell, investigator; and Mrs. Juliette P. Joray, acting clerk.
Mr. Clardy. The hearing will come to order. The witness will
stand and be sworn. You do solemnly swear the testimony you are
about to give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, so help you God ?
Mrs. Rapoport. I do.
Mr. Clardy. You may be seated.
TESTIMONY OF SHIRLEY RAPOPOET, ACCOMPANIED BY HER
COUNSEL, BERNARD PIEGER
Mr. Tavenner. Wliat is your name, please ?
Mrs. Rapoport. Shirley Rapoport.
Mr. Ta^tenner. Are you accompanied by counsel?
Mrs. Rapoport. Yes, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Will counsel please identify himself for the record.
Mr. FiEGER. Bernard Fieger.
Mr. Tavenner. Did you give your married name?
Mrs. Rapoport. Yes, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. What was your maiden name?
Mrs. Rapoport. Shirley Goodman.
Mr. Tavenner. Are you a native of Detroit ?
Mrs. Rapoport. No, sir ; I was born in Chicago.
Mr. Tavenner. When did you come to Detroit ?
Mrs. Rapoport. I came to Detroit in 1937.
Mr. Ta\t:nner. Have you lived in Detroit constantly since that time ?
* Released by the committee.
6081
5082 COIVIMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
Mrs. Rapoport. No, sir. In the year 1937-38 I went back to Cham-
paign, 111., to finish college.
Mr. Tavenner. What has been your educational training?
Mrs. Rapoport. I was graduated in 1938 from the University of
Illinois with a bachelor of science degree, and then in 1943 I was
granted a teaching certificate from Wayne University.
(Representative Gordon H. Scherer entered the hearing room at this
point.)
Mr. Tavenner. What has been your occupation since 1943 ?
Mrs. Rapoport. I taught in Detroit between 1940 — let me see. I
taught in 1943 and 1944, and then I was on a maternity leave and had
a child, and then I went back in 1947 and taught until 1951, at which
time I had another child, I now have 3, and I am now a housewife.
Mr. Tavenner. Were you teaching in the public schools of Detroit
or in private schools ?
Mrs. Rapoport. In the public schools of Detroit.
Mr. Tavenner. Will you tell the committe, please, whether or not
during the period that you were teaching you were a member of the
Communist Party?
(At this point Mrs. Rapoport conferred with Mr. Fieger.)
Mrs. Rapoport. I have to decline to answer that, sir, on the grounds
of the privilege of the freedom of speech of the first amendment and
the immunity granted to me by the fifth amendment to the Consti-
tution.
Mr. Tavionner. Mr. Chairman, in light of the witness' answer, I
think it is apparently worthless to pursue the investigation further so
far as she is concerned, so I have no further questions.
Mr. Clardy. Did she raise the fifth amendment? I didn't hear.
Mr. Taa^nner. Yes.
Mr. Fieger. To the question you specifically asked.
Mr. Tavenner. The fifth amendment ?
Mr. Fieger. I say to the question you specifically asked.
Mr. Tavenner. I say did she?
Mr. Fieger. Yes.
Mr. Clardy. I didn't hear. I heard the first amendment which, of
course, if j^ou were here yesterday, you know we do not recognize.
We do the fifth amendment if it is properly invoked. I will ask
her one or two more. You were asked if you had been a member of
the Communist Party during the time you were teaching. I would
like to ask you the further question if at any time you have been a
member of the party ?
]Mrs. Rapoport. I would have to refuse again, sir, on the same
grounds.
Mr. Tavenxer. Nothing further.
Mr. Clardy. No further questions.
Mr. Tavenner. I think I should ask one other question. Are you
now a member of the Communist Party?
(At this point ]Mrs. Rapoport conferred with Mr. Fieger.)
Mrs. Rapoport. I nm not, sir.
Mr. Tavenner. Have you been a member of the Communist Party
at any time since 1950?
Mrs. Rapoport. I decline to answer that on the grounds I pre-
viously stated, sir.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN 5083
Mr. ScHERER. Were you yesterday?
Mrs. Rapoport. I decline to answer that, sir, on the same grounds.
Mr, Clardy. You say you are not a member today ?
Mrs. Eapofort. Yes, sir.
Mr. Clardy. But you will not answer as to yesterday, as I under-
stand it.
Mrs. Rapoport. No, sir ; I feel that that is infringing on my rights
as an American citizen.
Mr. Clardy. Well, in view of that refusal, we will suspend the
hearing at this time and resume in open session later, and the dispo-
sition of your subpena will be a matter of which we will notify you
later after we have had time to consult.
(Whereupon, at 1: 37 p. m. the hearing was adjourned.)
INDEX TO PART 1
Individuals
Page
Anbender, Larry H 5063
Baldwin, Bereniece 5059
Bascom, Marie 5076-5078
Bascom, Mr . 5077
Baxter, Bolza 5069
Beveridge 4995
Bryant, Thomas Ellis 5056, 5057-5063 (testimony)
Cherveny, John 5004, 5007-5010
Cohen, Leonard 5009
Daly, Francis Martin, Jr 5002-5010 (testimony)
Dodd, Bella 501S, 5019, 5021
Fieger, Bernard 5081
Field, G. Leslie 5012, 5036, 5052
Forer, Joseph 5077-5079
Foster, William Z 5020
Freeman, Harold 4993
Goodman, Shirley {see also Rapoport, Shirley) 5081
Gore, Jack 5005, 5008, 5009
Graber, Sidney 5009, 5048, 5049-5051 (testimony), 5056
Harrison, Gerald I 5012-5035 (testimony)
Henry, Milton R 5069
Hoover, J. Edgar 5020
Kitto, Russell 5006, 5008
Klein, Lawrence R 4991-5(X)1 (testimony)
Levinson, Norman 4993
Miller, George 5063-5070 (testimony)
Montgomery, James 5075, 5076
Norris, Harold 5048, 5049, 5070
Northwood, Blanche {see also Wang, Blanche) 5070-5080 (testimony)
Noyes, Henry 4995
Patterson, William 4995
Picard, Judge 5079
Probe, Bernard 5056-5063
Rapoport, Shirley {see also Goodman, Shirley) 5081-5083 (testimony)
Rosen, Harold 5051, 5052-5056 (testimony)
Rosenberg, Ethel 5056
Rosenberg, Julius 5056
Sandell, Carl 5040
Shenkar, George 5008
Stein, Irving 5036-5047 (testimony)
Stern, Shirley 4997
Struik, Dirk 4993
Wang, Blanche {see also Northwood, Blanche) 5070, 5072
Winter, Carl 5055, 5056
Zonnis, Marian E 5075, 5076
Organizations
Abraham Lincoln School, Chicago 4995-4998
American Federation of Labor 5021,
American Federation of Teachers 5018, 5020-5022, 5026
American Peace Crusade 5044
American Youth for Democracy 5000, 5004
Amphitheater School, Tucson, Ariz 5068
li INDEX
Pag*
Arizona State College, Tempe, Ariz 5014
Bretton Woods Asreement on International Trade 4995
Brooklyn Xavy Yard 5029
California Institute of Technology 5014, 5017, 5018
Camp Davis, X. C f^044
Camp Evans, Belmar, N. J 5041
Camp Murphy, Fla — — 5044
City College, New York 5052
Civil Riehts Congress 5055
Civil Rights Congress of Michigan 5059
Civil Rights Federation 5055
Cleveland College 5060
Communist Party :
Boston, Mass., Frederick Douglass Southeast Branch 5033
Chicago 5001
Chicago, South Shore Club 4998
Chicago, South Side Club 4998
Michiiran 5034, 5050
Michigan, Southfield Clul) 5059
Michigan State Convention, 1948 5050
Michigan, Wayne Club 5005
St. Louis — 5076
Communist Political Association 5054
Congress of Industrial Organizations 5021
Congress of Industrial Organizations, Political Action Committee 5000
CowIps Commission for Research and Economics 4992
Detroit Federation of Teachers 5021, 504G
Detroit Federation of Teachers, Wayne University chapter 502G
Dumbarton Oaks Conference 4995, 4998
Federal Bureau of Investigation 5005
Federal music project 5053
Fort Monmouth 5041
General ^Motors Corp., Fisher Body Division 5000
Harris Teachers College, St. Louis 5077
Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory 5015, 5016, 5026
Harvard University 5016, 5017
Independent Progressive Party (Detroit) 5028
International Worlvers' Order 4998
Jewish People's Fraternal Order 4996-4998, 5000
Ku Klux Klan 5062
Labor School of Bostcm 4992-4994
Los Angeles City College 4991
Massachusetts Institv;te of Technology 4991-49r5, 5015
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Radiatiou Laboratories 5026
Michigan Labor Scbool 5053, 5054
Motor Carrier Central Freight Association 5057, 5061
National Bureau of Economic Research - 4992
Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Washington 5017, 5030
New INIexico State College of A. and M. A 5018
Northwestern University 5077
Progressive Party, Detroit. (See Independent Progressive Party, De-
troit.)
Queens College 5014, 5037
River Rouge High School 5003
Samuel Adams School, Boston 4992-4995
San F'rancisco Conference 4995, 4996
Signal Corps Radar Laboratory 5041-5043
Social Science Research Council 4992
Sperry Gyroscope Co 5014-5016, 5025, 5028-5030
St. Louis University 5077
Stanford University 5037
Teachers College, Columbia University 5052
Teachers Union 4993, 5020, 5021
Teachers Union, New York 5020
United States Department of Agriculture 5071-5073, 5076, 5078, 5079
INDEX iii
Page
United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Adminis-
tration 5071, 5073
United States Department of tlie Interior 5071, 5076
United States Marine Corps 1 5066, 5068
United States Navy Department 5071, 5076
University of Arizona 5066
University of California, Berkeley 4991, 4992
University of Cbicago 4992
University of Illinois 5082
University of Michigan 4992
University of Oregon 5037
Wayne University 5002,
5003, 5008, 5018, 5026, 5027, 5037, 5041, 5043, 5046, 5049, 5073, 5076,
5077, 5082.
Wesleyan Society 5008
Western Reserve University 5060
Works Progress Administration 5053, 5054
Young Communist League 5073
Publications
Daily People's World 5045, 5046, 5067
Daily Worker 4999, 5010
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 5006
Michigan Worker 5009
Wayne Collegian (Wayne University, Detroit) 5031,5033
o
A/
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 9999 05445 3319
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11